Just FYI
作者:等手好牌
有人说，J-10是轻型机，J-11是重型机， J-10空战性能和J-11相比，不是一个档次。事实无情的回答了这个问题：在2006年举行的J-10和SU-27SK的对抗中，一架J-10面对4架SU-27SK，先敌发现，先敌开火，取得了4：0的骄人战绩。
其实J-10并不是轻型机，其空重约8.6吨，最大起飞重量约19.2吨，属于中型机；FC-1、JAS-39才是轻型机（J-10最大速度2.2MH，最大静升限接近2.1万米，最大动升限大于2.2万米，最大航程3500公里，最大作战半径1350公里，最大载弹量7吨）。如果说在90年代，SU-27SK还是一款优秀的战斗机，但进入21世纪，其航电、武器已明显落后。J-11是SU-27SK的中国生产版，其00、01、02、03、04共5个批次，约100架，国产化程度逐渐增加。00-02批次基本是原版的SU-27SK；03、04批次逐渐换装了国产的雷达等航电，部分能够发射国产的PL-12导弹，作战能力大增。目前大部分老J-11航电已得到升级，以前只能发射半主动的R-27，升级后能发射主动的R-77，作战能力增强。但无论是换装了国产化航电的新J-11，还是升级后的老J-11，在近几年的多次对抗中，均不是J-10的对手。
重型机就机体方面来说，载弹量大，航程远，作战半径大，滞空时间长；就航电方面说，由于更大的空间，可以使用更大和更复杂的设备（如更大直径的雷达等），性能更强，功能更全面。所以同样技术水平下，重型机空战性能强于轻型机——但这个前提是同样技术水平。
三代机气动设计理念有这样一个发展过程：70年代的能量机动→80年代的瞬时机动→90年代的过失速机动（超机动）。SU-27SK是典型的能量机动战斗机，瞬时机动理论诞生了台风、阵风、鹰狮等欧洲3.5代。瞬时机动强调在空战中瞬间改变机头指向，配合能大离轴角发射的导弹，对敌机进行攻击。瞬时机动理论在我国的产物就是J-10。J-10由于发动机推力不够大，推比并不高，按能量机动理论，其稳盘对SU-27SK并不占优势，但他却有着比SU-27SK优异很多的瞬盘（31°），在格斗中往往能优先锁定SU-27SK。传统的观念认为，鸭翼的失速迎角为35度，这是以色列人提出来的，后来为各国所重视，法国的阵风就将最大迎角限制在28度，中国的歼-10则限制在26度（SU-27为28度），所以航空界一般以为在大迎角性能方面，鸭翼不如常规布局，因为鸭翼的失速迎角限制了鸭翼的大迎角性能。然而，在过失速飞行中，中国试飞员确发现另一种现象，即歼-10的大迎角控制性能远超过苏-27（即歼-10在飞眼镜蛇机动时的角度超过了苏-27）。这一信息最早由雷强披露，但受到持有传统观念网友的广泛质疑。成飞的研究成果，证明的雷强的说法。
J-10不仅拥有优异的瞬盘，全数字式电传（J-11是模拟式电传）、飞火交联技术、大幅度放宽的静不稳定度（11%）和综合气动控制技术（90年代）还给其带来了优异的敏捷性和飞行品质。J-10的空战格斗性能，在我国现役所有战机中，可以用“强悍”两字来形容。
J-10的优势还在于其优秀的超音速机动性能。如果说二代战斗机强调高空高速，三代机强调中低空、亚跨音速格斗性能，那么四代机一部分强调的就是超音速机动性能（超巡、超机动性）。SU-27SK虽然最大速度比J-10大（SU-27最大2.35MH，J-10最大2.2MH），但标准空战挂载下（4中2近）其最大速度会下降到1.7MH以下，而J-10（2中2近）则大于1.9MH，并在超音速阶段拥有更好的机动性。在SU-27SK与J-10的对抗中，常出现打打不过，跑跑不掉的情况。
J-10是一种全空域、全速度的空优战斗机，在2010年以前，J-10一直是国内空战中的王者。
J-10于2004年刚服役时，航电系统还不是很完善；05年开始完善，后续每个批次都有新的改进，老的批次也进行了升级。论坛上一般称为J-10A。
J-11并没有停止不前，采用西方设计标准、我国航电技术的J-11B于2003年首飞（据说使用的还是模拟电传），2007年定型并服役。J-11B原计划使用国产的太行发动机，但由于当时太行性能并不稳定，第一批次一个团的J-11B仍旧使用的AL-31F。2008-2009年上半年，太行继续不给力，J-11B堆积了大量机体却无发动机可用。2009年下半年，太行基本解决问题，J-11B于2009年末或2010年初开始大批量服役。目前大概生产了80架。
第一批次装AL-31F的J-11B性能也并不稳定，几次出现问题，2010年前一直未形成有效战斗力。2010年是否和J-10A进行了对抗还不清楚，有传言有过对抗，不过结果不是很理想。太行版的J-11B，今年有可能和J-10A对抗，个人对此十分期待。
J-10A的1473雷达直径大概700mm,对3米²目标有效发现距离约120公里，J-11B的1493雷达直径约960 mm,对3米²目标有效发现距离约150公里。J-11B貌似在超视距攻击中对J-10A享有优势。但实际并没那么简单。
在现代空战中，空战双方开始都是静默飞行，由预警机提供敌方目标大致方位。在双方相距约80公里处打开雷达搜索跟踪目标，在约40公里处开始发射导弹攻击。所以J-11B雷达发现距离远所带来的优势并不明显，而其较大的RCS又抵消了这种优势。
J-10于1998年首飞，2004年定型服役，目前生产数量200余架。J-10刚公开时，官方媒体曾称其为3.5代，后又改称3代。其原因是，J-10虽然拥有先进的设计理念，但发动机推力不足，航电、武器性能不够先进，且和J-11B一样，目前主要用于空优作战，对地能力不强。
2008年，J-10B首飞，中国第一种真正的3.5代战斗机正式诞生。到了2011年歼10B的各项新型装备陆续完备，其试飞的性能令以《简氏防务》为代表的英美专家齐称实在是意外，因为歼10B和歼10A所表现出来的性能又是大为不同。
二、J-10B
J-10B与J-10A相比，外形有了明显的变化：
1、进气道变为DSI（“蚌”式）进气道。J-10为了高空高速性能，使用了复杂的二元三波系可调进气道，重量增加。DSI是最新出现的技术，他应用在美国最新的F-35上。与常规进气道相比，DSI取消了附面隔层，大大减轻了重量。美国在F-16上的测试结果显示，DSI比复杂进气道降低了182KG。总压恢复系数是进气道的重要指标，总压恢复系数下降1%，发动机推力下降1.1%～1.6%。DSI有利于提高进气道的总压恢复系数，提高发动机实际推力。这两个优点使J-10B的推比得到了有效的提升。DSI的另一大优点是取消了附面层隔道这个大的雷达反射源，明显降低了RCS。此外，DSI能够减低成本，提高可靠性。
以前有说法说DSI高速性能比较差。美国在F-16上的测试表明，DSI在0.6-1.2MH时，总压恢复系数高达0.98，但在2.0MH时，仅为0.74。因为有人担心DSI的使用会明显降低J-10的高空高速性能。这个担心是不必要的，技术总是在发展的。我国某型进气道的测试结果是，在1.8MH总压恢复系数为0.91，在2.0MH时为0.87，好于一般的三波系进气道。
2、机头由原来的圆锥型变为了扁圆形，以起到对空气进入进气道前的预压缩作用。机头略向下，改善了视野。其雷达罩与机头结合处为向后倾斜的斜线，据悉这表明其装备了AESA（有源相控阵雷达）。
雷达发展过程为：机械雷达→PESA（无源相控阵雷达）→AESA（有源相控阵雷达）。AESA是和四代机同期发展的技术，目前除装备4代机外，还用于装备和升级3.5代甚至3代机。与机械雷达相比，AESA探测距离更远，精度更高，反映速度更快，多目标攻击能力更强，功能更多，抗干扰能力更强，可靠性更高。采用一些技术后，隐身能力更强。
与机械雷达相比，AESA探测距离大幅度增加，美国甚至宣称能增加100%。现在已逐渐进入隐形时代，常规雷达对隐形飞机、隐形巡航导弹这类RCS反射很小的目标发现距离很短，比如J-10对RCS为0.03（比如F-22）的发现距离锐减为30公里左右，在电磁干扰环境下距离更短。AESA更大的探测距离，更高的探测精度，使他对探测这类小目标享有很大的优势。多目标攻击能力是3代机就开始宣称的，一般为同时跟踪8-10个目标，同时打击其中2-4个。但实际这个能力对3代机并不实用。由于战斗机具有很高的机动性，常规雷达在锁定一个目标时，很难继续锁定另一个目标，因此3代机一般一次只攻击一个目标，除非面对的是低机动目标。AESA使战斗机真正具有了这个能力。3代机在空战中开始要采用静默飞行，是因为其一旦打开雷达搜索，就像黑夜中的手电筒，很容易被对方预警系统发现。这个问题对隐形飞机来说更为重要。现代战争都伴随着强烈的电磁干扰，这使雷达的探测距离大大缩短。F-22的AESA雷达有效的解决了这两个问题，通过采用射频管理等技术，对方较难发现其雷达辐射的电磁波，较难对其进行干扰。AESA为实现此项功能奠定了基础。AESA还使战斗机具有电子战等更多的功能，具有更到的可靠性。
美国装备AESA较早，其最早于2000年便开始为F-15C改装AESA，只是当时雷达发射单元大、重而耗电厉害。采用新式的体积更小的发射单元的各型AESA雷达装备/改装开始于2004年的F-22、F-16block60（外卖），2005年的F-18E/F和2010年的F-15C。目前美国正考虑为自己的F-16C换装AESA。欧洲的3.5代中，阵风于2013年换装AESA，台风计划2015年，JAS-39NG目前只是验证机。俄罗斯于2014年服役的SU-35BM（SU-27SM2）装备是PESA；米格-35倒是拥有了自己的AESA，但“600mm直径、680收发单元、130公里探测距离”的配置却比较悲剧。日本于2000年服役的F-2也装备了AESA，只是此雷达性能十分悲剧，对空探测距离只有40公里，还经常丢失目标。。据说目前已解决问题，恢复正常。
J-10B年底将小批量生产，其雷达采用1000-1200个收发单元，对3米²目标有效发现距离能到160-180公里，已经赶上了世界发展的潮流。
3、换装了衍射平显，机头加装IRST（红外搜索跟踪系统）。衍射平显，也就是通常所说的广角全息平显。与折射平显相比，它的视场更大（有利于武器瞄准和夜间飞行），外景透视率、字符反射率更高。衍射平显技术在3.5代战斗机中应用较普遍，我国最先应用于J-11B。AESA雷达虽然有效解决了辐射和抗干扰问题，但还不能完全避免。IRST采用被动探测，不仅难以被发现，在探测隐形飞机方面还具有不错的效果。且正在具有更多的功能。F-22是通过无源接收机系统实现的这个功能。椐称，J-10B的IRST可以在60KM处跟踪隐形飞机，30KM至50KM距离上就具备识别敌机、显示敌机队形、统计敌机数量、对导弹提供制导的能力。
4、加装垂尾电子舱和翼下电子吊舱。电子战能力是战机十分重要且关键的能力。这方面重型机一般对轻型机享有一定的优势。J-10B在机翼下增加了一对挂点，加挂了一对电子吊舱（据称此吊舱可拆卸下来），配合垂尾电子舱，大大强化了电子战能力。
5、J-10B垂尾、腹鳍进行了切尖处理，这有利于提高高速性能，表明了其对高空高速的依然追求。J-10B改进了机翼结构（翼型不变），增加一对挂点（用于电战设备），增加了机翼的储油量。改用复合材料机翼蒙皮，减轻机翼结构重量的同时也加强了机翼强度。
J-10是第一款国产全权限数字电传鸭式布局战机，由于鸭式布局配平复杂，因担心横截面为卵形的前机身与鸭翼耦合诱发大迎角时的纵向发散，所以采用了横截面为圆形的前机身。又由于有J-8II的3波系进气道的技术储备，所以采用腹部3波系进气道。2000年后由于国内对DSI进气道深入展开，后来又有FC-1的DSI进气道来练手，对DSI进气道有了更深入地研究。由于J-10的研制成功及装备部队，国内对全权限数字电传鸭式布局的气动特性的研究进入更深层次，已经攻克了卵形的前机身与鸭翼耦合的气动问题。在此基础上发展出机身下部修平的半卵形前机身与鸭翼耦合的更为优秀的前机身气动布局，提高了升力和可用迎角。
J10B的总体气动外形对跨音速面积率和超音速面积率进行了深度优化（提高超音速性能的关键），重新设计了前机身、垂直尾翼、腹鳍，更换了新的主翼（翼型基本不变，采用了更多的复合材料），新一代的DSI进气道高速设计点为2.0MH，在2倍音速时可提供的总压恢复好于3波系进气道，在2.2MH时总压恢复仍保持在较高水平；低空设计点为1.2MH。优化后的气动外形在亚、跨、超音速的包线内的减阻效果明显，亚/跨/超音速升阻比提升，加速性能得到改善。鸭式布局在4代电传操纵系统下极好的兼顾了高/低速性能。实际试飞结果表明，J-10B高空高速比J-10A 还好，机动品质更好，其在全飞行包线内（0~2.3MH）各阶段均具有更好的加速性能，实用最大速度、实用升限和爬升率均优于J10A。高空带弹情况下（模拟弹）的极速和最大静升限均有所提高，并且稳定盘旋性能提高喜人，数字飞控最大迎角限制达30°左右。
J-10B气动性能的提升令人惊喜，但其真正的亮点是其航电和武器的提升。某人说：“其实就算10B上了AESA也不值得很兴奋——其他航电设备的改变的步伐和意义远大于一种是飞机都能装的AESA。10B航电的架构和性能指标某种程度上是参考F-22的宝石柱的标准，如独立的飞控、火控等换成了新一代的综合的CIP（通用信息处理机）。” J10B采用了新一代的航电系统，包括改进的飞控系统，最新的配套机载相控阵雷达、（主动/被动）电战系统，新增的光电雷达，其系统更新比例不低于70%。
J-10B大幅度增加复合材料使用量，尝试了缩减RCS的工艺，除了DSI进气道、机身修形外，还尽可能减少机体外表的突出物，将航灯改为半埋式，将冷却空气进气口从外凸型改为附体的嵌入式。。。J-10B在工艺上提升很大，RCS缩小一个数量级，类似于台风、阵风和F-18E/F。J-10B的RCS 小于1m²，是我军目前已服役战斗机中RCS最小的机种。
本来611和601共同竞争我国四代机，开始601呼声比较大，611当时为了备份，J-10本有多种改型。但后面四代机花落611，611开始把主要力量转移到四代上。08年后，J-10的其他方案都中止了，10改全面转向DSI的单发方案，曾经讨论过上舰的可能性，最后以空装为主导，强化空优性能，拓展多用途能力，彻底放弃上舰的方向。当时确定10改作为3.5代量产机、兼4代部份技术的验证，向4代航电进军（当然就包括了上AESA）。
J-10B的机载设备、雷达、航电虽然与重型4代制空机的不一样，但J10B上的机载设备、雷达、航电也是按4代标准研制的，可算4代标准的首版实践。没有首版实践的经验，重型4代制空机的机载设备、雷达、航电衡有可能出现相互干涉或不达标情况，这会导致重型4代制空机研制预算超标，研制期加长，定型推迟。所以拿J10B作为4代制空机的机载设备、雷达、航电、配套武器、结构工艺、新材料工艺、生产工艺的练习对象，积攒经验。J10的改型会一直存在下去，一是提高（重4服役前）空军空战实力的需要，二是提前解决重型4代制空机的研制可能遇到的障碍，分担部份重4研制的风险。重4研制是独立拨款的，J10的改型也是独立拨款的。J10的改型向4代逼近，分担部份重4科研试验的风险，对重4研制起到事半功倍的效果，其终极马甲改进版会用上标准的4代的于单发机配套的航电。
在09年第一次写J-10B性能分析文章时，我还在猜测新一代格斗弹PL-10的状态。2年过去了，我们又看到了我国在中远程空空导弹上的发展，如PL-12的各种改型和PL-21远程冲压导弹。我们可以想象J-10B配合新型的远、中、近程导弹，空战能力必将更加强大。2006年后，我国精确对地攻击弹药也获得了长足的发展，种类已大大丰富。J-10B本身拓展了多用途能力，配合新型弹药，对地攻击能力得到了较大的提高。
J-10B目前最大的问题还是发动机。J-10受累于发动机推力不够大，性能受到限制，太行发动机又一直不稳定。在09年第一次写J-10B性能分析文章时，我就在担心太行发动机会拖J-10B的进度。如今2年过去了，事情并未发现本质性的改变，太行虽然大量装备了J-11B服役，但在J-10上的测试还在进行中。J-10B开始会继续装AL-31FN服役，大概于年底开始小批量生产。据说目前已获得两个团的定单。
听闻中航准备花费大量资金大力发展发动机水平，并吹嘘将会多么多么快的发展。。我们不必理会这些吹嘘，但也能够看到，虽然现在有点小郁闷，但前景还是很好的。
我们羡慕过SU-35、SU-37、米格1.44、S-37，羡慕过阵风、台风、鹰狮，羡慕过米格-35、SU-35BM，更羡慕F-22和F-35。如今我们终于有了一款赶上世界先进水平的战斗机，虽然离F-22/F-35还有很大差距，但已和其他3.5代战斗机处于同样的档次。有了J-10B，我们不再羡慕双风。我们甚至开始认为，JAS-39C/D不如J-10A，并开始探讨FC-1和JAS-39的对比。。
目前美国航母上的战机为3.5代的F-18E/F，驻扎在日本的F-15C也已经升级到了3.5代。韩国、日本、印度正计划购买3.5代战机，小小的新加坡已经装备了3.5代的F-15SG。四代的F-22于2004年服役，共180多架，将于年底开始逐步升级，目前已经常在日本冲绳驻军。F-35正在大量试飞，未来几年内也会服役。2017年后，F-35会逐渐进入周边国家，如日本、韩国、澳大利亚。我国的J-20已于1月份首飞。J-20的出现，标志者我国航空工业开始赶超欧洲，跨入了世界一流空军的门槛。但受累于发动机，J-20目前只是处于第一阶段。以后会换装新一代的WS-15，对机体重新修形，继续试飞直到装备。WS-15计划约2016年交付，这样J-20完善版的服役时间大概是2018-2020年。那么在这8年间，谁来保卫我国的领空？
正在生产的J-11B属于3代，2007年首飞的J-11BS为J-11B的双座机，目前已开始装备；2009年首飞，正在试飞的J-15是舰载机，性能类似J-11B；可能于下半年首飞的J-16为类似SU-30MKK的战斗轰炸机（航电、武器大幅提升）。因此这个重任就交到了J-10B的身上。J-10B能够有效对抗周边3.5代战斗机；在体系对抗的防守中，可以对抗F-35。
三、J-10B在他国。
一直在传言巴基斯坦准备购买我国36架J-10，到货时间大概是2014年。根据到货时间，其真正型号应该是J-10B。J-10A国内价格接近3000万美元，J-11B约5400万，飞豹A约2400万。FC-1外卖价格1500-2000万，J-10A目前出口价格约4000万，J-10B约5500万。目前国际市场上各3.5代的价格分别是：台风1.2亿，阵风1.1亿，F-15SG 1亿，F-18E/F 9000万，F-16E/F 8000万，JAS-39NG 8000万，米格-35 5000万；三代的SU-30MKK 6000万。与同档次飞机相比，J-10B可谓物美价廉。
巴基斯坦现有34架F-16Block15OCU，目前正在他国把航电升级为F-16Block50状态，预计2014年升级完毕。巴基斯坦新购买了18架F-16Block50/52，年底全部到货。预计巴基斯坦可能还会购买18架F-16Block50/52。这样到2014年左右，巴基斯坦将拥有70架F-16Block50/52状态的战斗机。自从2007年接收第一批8架JF-17，2009年开始接收第二批40架JF-17，目前巴基斯坦总已接收约30多架。后面JF-17的交付估计会稳定在20架/年的速度。在2014年，巴基斯坦会获得约100架JF-17。此后的批次，估计会做比较大的改进，比如隐身修形，换装AESA，加装IRST等。这样，至2014年，巴基斯坦将拥有170架现代化的三代战斗机。
印度于1997-1999年购买了18架SU-30K；2002-2004年购买了32架SU-30MKI。2004年印度HAL公司开始组装生产SU-30MKI，至2014年共要生产90架，目前共生产近70架。印度于2007年订购了40架SU-30MKI，2011-2012年交货；2009年订购了50架SU-30MKI，预计2013-2014年交货。2010年订购了42架SU-30MKI，计划于2014年由HAL公司开始组装生产，2018年生产完毕。印度目前有米格-29K共16架，计划增购29架。印度开始将63架老式的米格-29升级成米格-29UPG（升级费用1500万/架），将51架老式的幻影-2000H升级成幻影-2000-5（升级费用4000万/架）。印度的国产轻型战斗机于2011年1月服役，产量约10架/年。这样到2014年，印度将拥有230架SU-30MKI、60架米格-29UPG、50架幻影-2000-5、40架米格-29K、40架LCA等共420架现代化的三代战斗机。
印度并不满足于这些，其正热火朝天的准备购买126架3.5代战斗机。目前正在确定是购买双风还是F-18E/F。。2014年后印度也准备对其SU-30MKI机群进行再一次升级。
面对几倍于自己的敌人，特别是面对未来更加现代化的126多架3.5代战斗机，巴基斯坦空军无论是F-16 Block50/52，还是JF-17，都显得力不从心。巴基斯坦一方面计划购买更多的二手F-16A/B并加以改进，以补充数量；另一方面，巴基斯坦想到了中国，想到了中国的J-10B。其实有传言巴基斯坦一直有介入J-10B的研发。。
J-10B能够有效对抗印度未来的3.5代战斗机，并对印度其他的3代机形成性能上的压制。如果说FC-1到巴基斯坦后，是位于F-16 Block50/52之后的二线机，那么J-10B到巴基斯坦后就是位于F-16 Block50/52之前的高端机。
Google Translation
Author: other hand good hand
Some people say, J-10 is a light machine, J-11 is a heavy-duty machine, J-10 J-11 air combat performance compared to, not a grade. The fact that this ruthless answer: in 2006 at the J-10 and SU-27SK confrontation, a J-10 face four SU-27SK, before the enemy discovered, before the enemy opened fire, made a 4:0 impressive record.
In fact, J-10 is not a light machine, its empty weight about 8.6 tonnes maximum take-off weight of about 19.2 tons, belonging to medium-sized machine; FC-1, JAS-39 is the light machine (J-10 the maximum speed 2.2MH, maximum static or limit close to 21,000 meters, the largest mobile service ceiling greater than 2.2 meters and maximum range of 3,500 km, the maximum combat radius of 1350 km, the maximum payload of 7 tons). If in 90 years, SU-27SK is a good fighter, but the 21st century, its avionics, weapons, has lagged behind. J-11 is the Chinese SU-27SK production version of its 00,01,02,03,04 total of five batches of about 100, increasing degree of localization. 00-02 is basically the original batch of SU-27SK; 03,04 gradually switched to homemade batch of radar and other avionics, some capable of firing homemade PL-12 missile, greatly increased combat capability. At present most of the old J-11 avionics have been upgraded, previously only semi-active launch of R-27, launched the initiative to upgrade the R-77, enhanced operational capability. But whether it is switched to the new avionics domestic J-11, or upgrade the old J-11, several times in recent years, the confrontation are not the J-10 opponent.
Heavy machine on the body side, large payload, range far, combat radius, stayed in the air for a long time; on the avionics side said, because more space, you can use a larger and more complex devices (such as larger diameter radar etc.), more powerful, more versatile. So the same level of technology, heavy-duty machine is stronger than the light air performance machine - but the premise is the same technology.
Pneumatic design three generations of such a development process: the energy of the 1970s era of the instantaneous motor → 80 → 90 years of motor stall maneuver (ultra-mobile). SU-27SK fighter maneuver is typical of the energy, the instantaneous motor theory of the birth of a typhoon gust, Gripen and other European 3.5 generation. Emphasis on air combat maneuvering instantaneous change in an instant the nose point, with large off-axis angle can launch missiles on the enemy attack. Instantaneous motor theory in our product is J-10. J-10 engine thrust is not as big push than not high, according to the energy motor theory, the stable set of SU-27SK is not dominant, but he has a lot more than the SU-27SK excellent instantaneous plate (31 °), often given priority in fighting locked SU-27SK. Conventional wisdom is that, canard stall angle of attack of 35 degrees, which is proposed by the Israelis, and later the importance for countries, the maximum angle of attack, the French Rafale will be limited to 28 degrees, the Chinese J-10 is limited to 26 degrees (SU-27 to 28 degrees), so that at high angles of attack aviation general performance, as good as conventional canard layout, because duck wing stall angle of attack limits the canard of the high angle of attack performance. However, in-stall flight, the Chinese test pilot indeed found another phenomenon, namely the F-10 high angle of attack control performance is far more than the Su-27 (ie, J-10 Cobra maneuver in the flight than the Su-27's perspective ). This information was first disclosed by the mine strong, but the traditional values held by users of the widely questioned. Research into the flight, that's mine strong argument.
J-10 not only has excellent instantaneous plate, all-digital fax (J-11 is the analog fax), flying fire crosslinking technology to significantly relax the static instability (11%) and integrated pneumatic control technology ( 90) brought back to its superior agility and flying qualities. J-10's air combat performance in all of China's active fighters, you can use the "tough" words to describe.
Advantage of the J-10 supersonic motor is still in its outstanding performance. If the emphasis on high-altitude high-speed second-generation fighter, three generations of machine stress in the low-altitude, sub-transonic combat performance, the fourth generation machine part to emphasize that the supersonic motor performance (super patrol, ultra-mobility). SU-27SK Although the maximum speed than the J-10 large (SU-27 largest 2.35MH, J-10 largest 2.2MH), but the standard aerial mounted under the (4 2 near) its maximum speed will drop to 1.7MH the following, and J-10 (2 of 2 past) is greater than 1.9MH, and in the supersonic phase has better mobility. In the SU-27SK and J-10's confrontation, but often there playing, running captive situation.
J-10 is a full airspace, air superiority fighter full speed, before 2010, J-10 has long been a king in the air.
J-10 just in 2004, while serving the avionics system is not perfect; 2005 started perfect follow-up each batch has a new and improved, the old batch were also upgraded. Forum commonly known as J-10A.
J-11 and not at a standstill, the use of Western design standards, our avionics technology, J-11B first flight in 2003 (reportedly still using analog fax), finalized in 2007 and served. J-11B made of the original plan to use the Taihang engine, but because the line performance is not too stable, the first batch of a group of J-11B is still used in AL-31F. The first half of 2008-2009, the line continues not to force too, J-11B accumulate a lot of body but no engine available. Second half of 2009, the line is too basic to solve the problem, J-11B in late 2009 or early 2010, high-volume service. The current production of about 80 aircraft.
The first batch of equipment AL-31F performance of the J-11B is not stable, a few problems, 2010 has not been an effective fighting formation. 2010 and J-10A is carried out against the unknown, there have been rumors of fight, but the result is not very satisfactory. Taihang version of the J-11B, and this may be against the J-10A, is very much looking forward to individuals.
J-10A of the 1473 radar diameter of about 700mm, the target of 3 m ² effective detection distance of about 120 kilometers, J-11B's 1493 radar diameter 960 mm, the target of 3 m ² effective detection range of about 150 km. J-11B over the horizon looks like the attack on the J-10A enjoy the advantage. But the reality did not so simple.
In modern air combat, air combat are the two sides began a silent flight, to provide early warning of enemy targets by the general direction. About 80 km away from both sides to open the radar search and track targets, about 40 km in the missile attacks began. J-11B radar so far away from the benefits are not obvious, and its RCS has a larger offset this advantage.
J-10 first flew in 1998, 2004, setting service, the number more than 200 aircraft currently in production. J-10 has just made public, the official media have called 3.5 generation, and later renamed the third generation. The reason is, J-10, though they have advanced design concepts, but the lack of engine thrust, avionics, weapons performance, advanced enough, and and J-11B, is currently mainly used for air superiority operations, the ground is not strong.
In 2008, J-10B first flight, China's first generation of a true fighter 3.5 was born. 2011 F-10B to the new equipment gradually complete its flight performance of an order to "Jane's Defense" as the representative of British and American experts together, said it was an accident, because the F-10B and F-10A demonstrated by the performance is greatly different.
Two, J-10B
J-10B, compared with the J-10A, shape has been changed:
1, the inlet into DSI ("clam" type) inlet. J-10 to high-altitude high-speed performance, the use of a complex three-wave system Adjustable dual inlet, weight increased. DSI is the latest emerging technologies, he applied in the United States on the latest F-35. Compared with conventional inlet, DSI canceled boundary compartment, greatly reducing the weight. U.S. F-16 on the test results, DSI complex inlet lower than 182KG. Inlet total pressure recovery coefficient is an important indicator of the total pressure recovery coefficient decreased by 1%, thrust down by 1.1% to 1.6%. DSI will help improve the inlet total pressure recovery coefficient, the actual increase engine thrust. These two advantages make the push than the J-10B has been effectively improved. Another advantage of DSI is to remove the boundary layer separated Road, this large source of radar reflection, significantly reduces the RCS. In addition, DSI can reduce costs and improve reliability.
The assertion that DSI before high-speed performance is relatively poor. U.S. F-16 on the test that, DSI in the 0.6-1.2MH, the total pressure recovery coefficient of 0.98, but 2.0MH when only 0.74. Because some people worry that the use of significantly lower DSI J-10 high-altitude high-speed performance. The worry is unnecessary, technology is always in development. Our test results a certain type of inlet is in 1.8MH total pressure recovery coefficient is 0.91, when in 2.0MH 0.87, better than an average three-wave system inlet.
2, from the conical nose into a flat circle, to play into the inlet air before the pre-compression effect. Head slightly downward, to improve vision. The nose radome and the junction for the backward tilt of the slash, it is learned that that it is equipped with AESA (active phased array radar).
Radar development process are: mechanical radar → PESA (passive phased array radar) → AESA (active phased array radar). AESA is the same period in the development of four generations of machines and technology, in addition to the current 4th generation machines and equipment, but also for the 3.5-generation equipment and to upgrade or even three generations of machines. Compared with mechanical radar, AESA longer detection range, higher accuracy, reflecting the faster, more multi-target attack capability, more features, anti-interference ability, and higher reliability. Using some of the technology, stealth capable.
Compared with mechanical radar, AESA significant increase in detection range, and even the United States can claim a 100% increase. Stealth is now gradually entering the era of conventional radar stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, stealth RCS reflection of such a small target detection range is very short, such as J-10 is 0.03 in RCS (such as F-22) dropped to 30 from the discovery of km, electromagnetic interference environment in the shorter distances. AESA greater detection range, higher detection accuracy, enabled him to detect such small targets have a great advantage. Multi-target attack capability is three generations of machines began to claims, usually 8-10 months while tracking the target, and 2-4 against them. However, the actual capacity of the three-generation machine that is not practical. As the aircraft with high maneuverability, the conventional radar lock a target, it is difficult to lock another target, so a third generation machine is generally only attack a target, unless faced with a low maneuvering target. AESA fighter truly make this capability. 3 generations of machines began to be used in combat in silent flight, because of its search radar has been opened, like the night of the flashlight, the other early warning systems can easily be found. This issue is more important for stealth aircraft. Modern wars are accompanied by strong electromagnetic interference, making radar detection range significantly shortened. F-22 AESA radar and effective solution to both problems, through the use of radio frequency management technology, the other more difficult to find its radar electromagnetic radiation, is more difficult to be interference. AESA is the foundation to achieve this function. AESA also makes fighter planes with more features such as electronic warfare, with more to reliability.
U.S. equipment AESA earlier, its first in 2000, began as a modified F-15C AESA, radar transmitter unit only when a large, heavy and power powerful. New types of smaller units of various types of emission AESA radar equipment / modification began in 2004, F-22, F-16block60 (away), 2005 F-18E / F and 2010 F-15C. The U.S. is considering for his F-16C facelift AESA. Europe's 3.5 generation, gust 2013 facelift AESA, Typhoon program in 2015, JAS-39NG currently only demonstrator. Russia in 2014, serving SU-35BM (SU-27SM2) equipment is PESA; MiG-35 touches owns its own AESA, but "600mm diameter, 680 transceiver unit, 130 km detection range" configuration has been more tragic. Japan in 2000, serving F-2 is also equipped with AESA, but the radar performance is very tragic, of space exploration is only 40 km away, often missing the target. . It is said that the problem has been resolved, return to normal.
J-10B by the end of the small batch production, the radar uses 1000-1200 a transceiver unit, the target of 3 m ² effective detection distance of 160-180 km can be to have caught up with the trend of world development.
3, switched to diffraction HUD, head installation IRST (infrared search and track system). Diffraction HUD, which is commonly referred to as the wide-angle holographic HUD. HUD and the refraction than its larger field of view (with help of weapons targeting and night flying), the rate location perspective, the character reflectivity higher. Diffraction HUD 3.5 generation fighter technology in the application of the more common, first used in China's J-11B. Although an effective solution to the AESA radar, radiation and interference problems, but can not be completely avoided. IRST passive detection is not only difficult to be found in the detection of stealth aircraft also has the good effect. And are more functional. F-22 is a passive receiver system through the implementation of this function. As noted in that, J-10B of the IRST can track stealth aircraft at 60KM, 30KM to 50KM away from identification with the enemy on, show the enemy formation, the number of enemy statistics, to provide guidance to the missile's capabilities.
4, the installation of e-tail and wing cabin electronics pod. Aircraft electronic warfare capability is very important and critical ability. This machine for light heavy-duty machines generally have certain advantages. J-10B to increase the wing of a pair of hanging points, to add a pair of electronic pod (allegedly removable pod down), with the vertical tail electronic module, which greatly enhanced electronic warfare capabilities.
5, J-10B tail, fins were cut sharp handling, which will help improve high-speed performance, shows remains of its high-altitude high-speed pursuit. J-10B has improved wing structure (the same airfoil), add a pair of hanging points (for electronic warfare equipment), increasing the wing's oil reserves. Use composite wing skins, wing structure to reduce the weight while also strengthening the wing strength.
J-10 is the first domestic full-authority digital fax canard aircraft, the canard trim complex, for fear of oval cross-section of the front fuselage and canard at high angle of attack induced by coupling the vertical divergence, so with a circular cross-section of the forward fuselage. Also, because a J-8II 3-wave system inlet of technologies, so the use of abdominal 3-wave system inlet. After 2000 domestic DSI intake due to start in depth, then there are the FC-1 DSI intake to practice hands on DSI intake have a more in-depth study. Since the successful development of the J-10 and the troops, the domestic full authority digital fax canard aerodynamic characteristics of the study into a deeper level, has overcome the oval before the body coupled with the canard aerodynamic problems. On this basis, the lower part of the development of a body repair body level before half-oval coupled with the canard a more excellent aerodynamic layout of the forward fuselage to improve lift and angle of attack available.
J10B overall aerodynamic shape of the transonic and supersonic area ratio area ratio for the depth of the optimization (to improve the performance of supersonic key), redesigned forward fuselage, vertical fin, pelvic fins, the replacement of a new wing (wing base is not change, using more composite materials), a new generation of high-speed inlet design point of DSI 2.0MH, 2 times the speed of sound in the available total pressure better than 3-wave system inlet, the total time in 2.2MH pressure recovery remained at a high level; low design point of 1.2MH. Optimized aerodynamic shape in subsonic, transonic, supersonic envelope within the drag effect is obvious, Asia / cross / supersonic lift-drag ratio improved acceleration performance is improved. Canard fly-in 4-generation system an excellent balance of high / low-speed performance. Actual flight test results show that, J-10B high-altitude high-speed better than the J-10A, motor better quality, in full flight envelope (0 ~ 2.3MH) better at every stage of acceleration, maximum speed and practical, practical ceiling and climb rate is better than J10A. Case of high altitude with a bomb (bomb simulation) and static maximum speed and ceiling were higher, and stable hovering performance is gratifying, digital flight control limits the maximum angle of attack up to about 30 °.
J-10B to enhance the aerodynamic performance of surprise, but the real highlight is its avionics and weapons upgrade. Someone said: "In fact, even if the 10B on AESA is not worth very excited - other avionics equipment, the pace of change and significance of the aircraft can be much greater than one is installed AESA. 10B avionics architecture and performance of a extent with reference to the F-22 Po columns standards, such as an independent flight control, fire control, etc. replaced by a new generation of integrated CIP (Common information processor). "J10B with a new generation of avionics systems, including improved flight control system, the latest supporting airborne phased array radar (active / passive) electronic warfare systems, new optical radar, the system updates no less than 70%.
J-10B significant increase in the use of composite materials, tried to reduce the RCS process, in addition to DSI intake, body modification, but also to minimize the appearance of the prominence body, the navigation light to a semi-buried, will cooling air inlet from the convex-type change possessed embedded. . . J-10B in the process of raising large, RCS reduced an order of magnitude, similar to the Typhoon, Rafale and F-18E / F. RCS of J-10B is less than 1m ², is a military aircraft in service in the RCS has the smallest models.
611 and 601 have been together four generations of our competition machine, start the voice of the larger 601, 611 was to back up, J-10 本 There are many variants. But after four generations of machines Whispering 611,611 main force began to shift to four generations on. After 2008, J-10's other programs are suspended, complete the transition to the DSI 10 to change single program, have discussed the possibility of the ship, and finally air-driven equipment, to strengthen the performance of air superiority, the ability to expand multi-purpose, completely abandon the ship direction. 10 change was identified as a 3.5 generation production machines, technology and 4th generation part of the verification, the fourth-generation avionics into (of course including the AESA).
J-10B-board equipment, radar, avionics although the 4th generation of the air with heavy-duty machine is not the same, but J10B on-board equipment, radar, avionics is the standard developed by four generations, four generations can be considered the standard first version of the practice. No practical experience of the first edition, 4th generation of the air heavy machine-board equipment, radar, avionics value there may be mutual interference or non-compliance, and this will lead to heavy-duty machine developed four generations of the air exceeded the budget, the development period extended , setting delay. So take J10B as four generations of the air machine airborne equipment, radar, avionics, weapons facilities, structures technology, new materials technology, production process exercises an object, the accumulation of experience. J10 of the modification will always exist, one is to increase (re-4 before serving) Air Force air power needs, and second, to solve ahead of fourth-generation heavy-duty air machine for possible obstacles, to share some of the risk of re-developed 4 . Re 4 is an independent research funding, J10 variant is independent of the funding. J10 of the modified approach to the fourth generation, to share research and test some of the risk of re-4, 4 on the re-development play a multiplier effect, improved version of its ultimate vest will spend four generations in the standard single machine supporting avionics .
In 2009 J-10B first performance analysis written articles, I'm still guessing a new generation of combat missiles PL-10 status. 2 years later, we see that our long-range air to air missiles in development, such as PL-12 of various modifications and PL-21 long-range missile punch. We can imagine with the new J-10B far, the short-range missiles, air combat capability will become more powerful. After 2006, China's precision ground attack munitions also has been considerable development, variety has been greatly enriched. J-10B itself the ability to expand the multi-purpose, with the new ammunition, and ground attack capability has been greatly improved.
J-10B is currently the biggest problem is the engine. J-10 engine thrust is not involved in large, performance is limited, Taihang engine has been unstable. In 2009 J-10B first performance analysis written article, I worry too much line on the J-10B engine will delay progress. Now 2 years later, things did not find the nature of the change, although a large number of Taihang J-11B is equipped with service, but the J-10 on the test is still ongoing. Start J-10B will continue to install AL-31FN service, probably at the end of small batch production. It is said that two groups has received orders.
Heard the aircraft prepared to spend a lot of money to develop the engine level, and how will boast how fast development. . We do not care about these boast, but also be able to see, although now a little depressed, but the outlook is still good.
We envy SU-35, SU-37, MiG-1.44, S-37, envy gust, typhoon, Gripen, envy MiG -35, SU-35BM, F-22 and more envious of F-35. Now we finally have a catch up with the advanced world level fighter, although there is a big gap from F-22/F-35, but has other 3.5 generation fighter aircraft in the same grade. With the J-10B, we are no longer the envy of double wind. We even began to think, JAS-39C / D as J-10A, and began to explore the FC-1 and JAS-39 comparison. .
The U.S. aircraft carrier on the 3.5-generation F-18E / F, stationed in Japan, the F-15C has also been upgraded to the 3.5 generation. South Korea, Japan, India is planning to buy 3.5 generation fighter, Singapore has been equipped with a small 3.5-generation F-15SG. Four generations of the F-22 in service in 2004, a total of more than 180 aircraft, will be the end of the escalation, has often military in Okinawa, Japan. F-35 is a lot of flight, the next few years will be served. After 2017, F-35 will gradually into neighboring countries such as Japan, Korea, and Australia. China's J-20 first flight was in January. J-20 appearance marked by China's aviation industry began to catch up with Europe, the Air Force into a world-class threshold. But involvement in the engine, J-20 is currently only at the first stage. Facelift later generation of WS-15, the body re-modification, continue to test until the equipment. WS-15 plans to deliver about 2016, so that J-20 sound version of the service time is about 2018-2020 years. So in the eight years, who defend the country's airspace?
Production of J-11B is part of 3 generations, 2007 for the first flight of the J-11BS J-11B two-seater machine, has started to equip; first flight in 2009, is a test of the J-15 carrier aircraft, performance similar to J -11B; may first flight in the second half of the J-16 is similar to the SU-30MKK fighter-bomber (avionics, weapons, increased dramatically). Therefore, this important task was referred to the J-10B of the body. J-10B can be effective against the surrounding 3.5-generation fighter aircraft; in the system against defensive, you can fight F-35.
Three, J-10B in his country.
Pakistan has been rumored ready to buy my 36 J-10, arrival time is about 2014. According to arrival time, the real model should be the J-10B. J-10A domestic prices close to $ 30 million, J-11B about 54 million, about 24 million A Flying Leopard. FC-1 take-away prices 1500-2000 Wan, J-10A current export price of about 40 million, J-10B about 55 million. The current international market price of the 3.5 generation are: Typhoon 120 million, gusts 110 million, F-15SG 1 亿, F-18E / F 9000 万, F-16E / F 8000 万, JAS-39NG 8000 million, the MiG- -355 000 million; three generations of SU-30MKK 6000 million. Compared with the same aircraft grade, J-10B can be described as inexpensive.
Pakistan's existing 34 F-16Block15OCU, now other countries to avionics upgrade F-16Block50 state, the upgrade is completed in 2014. Pakistan's newly purchased 18 F-16Block50/52, by the end of all of arrival. Pakistan may also be expected to buy 18 F-16Block50/52. This to 2014, Pakistan will have 70 F-16Block50/52 state fighters. Since 2007, receiving the first eight JF-17, 2009 began to receive the second batch of 40 JF-17, currently General of Pakistan has received about 30 aircraft. JF-17 after delivery is estimated to be stable at 20 / year rate. In 2014, Pakistan will be about 100 JF-17. After that batch, is expected to make large improvements, such as stealth modification, facelift AESA, IRST and other installation. In this way, to 2014, Pakistan will have 170 three generations of modern fighter aircraft.
India in 1997-1999 purchased 18 SU-30K; 2002-2004 was purchased 32 SU-30MKI. India's HAL 2004, the company began assembling the production SU-30MKI, a total of 2014 to produce 90, the current total production of nearly 70. India in 2007 ordered 40 SU-30MKI ,2011-2012 for delivery; 2009 ordered 50 SU-30MKI, 2013-2014 is expected to deliver. 2010 ordered 42 SU-30MKI, in 2014 the company began assembling the production by the HAL, the production is completed in 2018. India currently has a total of 16 MiG-29K, plan to buy 29. India began the 63 old MiG-29 upgrade MiG-29UPG (15 million cost of upgrading / frame), the 51 old Mirage-2000H upgraded Mirage -2000-5 (40 million cost of upgrading / frame). India made light aircraft in service in January 2011, yield about 10 / year. So that by 2014, India will have 230 SU-30MKI, 60 MiG-29UPG, 50 Mirage -2000-5,40 MiG-29K, 40 架 LCA, a total of 420 three generations of modern fighter aircraft.
India is not satisfied with these, it is in full swing preparing to buy 126 3.5 generation fighter aircraft. Is currently finalizing the purchase of double the wind or F-18E / F. . After 2014, India is ready to SU-30MKI fleet for another upgrade.
Several times in the face of their enemies, especially the more modern face of the future 126-plus 3.5-generation fighter aircraft, Pakistan Air Force, both F-16 Block50/52, or JF-17, all appeared to be inadequate. Pakistan plans to buy more second-hand one F-16A / B and make improvements, to supplement the quantity; the other hand, Pakistan think of China, think of the Chinese J-10B. In fact, there are rumors that Pakistan has been involved in the development of J-10B. .
J-10B can be effective against the 3.5 generation fighter for India's future, and the rest of India's third generation machine of repression on the formation of performance. If the FC-1 to Pakistan, the F-16 Block50/52 is located after the second machine, then to Pakistan after the J-10B is located in F-16 Block50/52 before the high-end machine.
