News on China's scientific and technological development.

Chinese researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery in the evolution of social behavior in primates, finding a direct link between a genomically regulated adaptation and the social evolution of primates, according to a recent article published in the journal Science..

is moving to incubate its 5th batch of "little giant" firms to boost innovation and provide stronger support for the real economy. The country will strive to ensure the number of the "little giant" firms exceeds 10,000 by the end of 2023..

Could this 1-dollar Chinese adhesive defeat a billion-dollar US laser weapon?​

• •Chinese researchers say their industrial resin mixture has enough heat resistance to protect ballistic missiles from laser attacks
• •‘BPR-1’ and other advances in protective technology are pushing the arms race in directed energy weapons to a new stage, scientist says

in Beijing Published: 6:00am, 12 Jun, 2023



Researchers in Beijing say they have found a low-cost method of protecting Chinese missiles from laser attacks. Photo: Shutterstock Images

Scientists in China who have been experimenting with materials to protect drones and missiles from laser attacks say they have discovered a surprising potential solution – adhesive.

An experiment showed that a common low-cost resin showed promise in protecting such weapons from being damaged by laser weapons, according to the scientists.

Samples coated with the material remained intact after being blasted by a weapons-grade laser beam for 15 seconds with a power density of 500 watts per sq cm – far more intense that what is required to destroy an unprotected ballistic missile.
To put that into perspective, a three megawatt laser weapon could theoretically intercept an with power density on the target of just 300 watts per sq cm, according to scientists.

The newest, most powerful laser currently available to the US military generates a 300-kilowatt beam. Megawatt-power laser systems do not yet exist but are under development.

In their experiment, the researchers applied 2.5mm (0.1 in) of coating that was mostly made of boron phenolic resin (BPR), a composite material widely used in hot and high-stress environments.

China is the world’s largest manufacturer of BPR, where one factory can produce hundreds of thousands of tonnes of BPR annually.

BPR is also inexpensive. In recent years, the average price of the resin has dropped to as low as seven yuan (US$1) per kg (2.2 pounds), according to industrial data in China.

Transforming common BPR into a “anti-high-energy coating”, only takes a few modifications, according to the team led by professor Gao Lihong, with the Beijing Institute of Technology.

“This solution uses low-cost raw materials, a simple manufacturing process and has very high performance,” said Gao and her colleagues in a peer-reviewed paper published in the Chinese-language journal Ordnance Material Science and Engineering on May 17.

The rapid developments in programmes in China, Russia, North Korea and lately Iran have increased risks for US air defence systems.

Russia claimed to have destroyed numerous US Patriot missile defence launchers with its Kinzkal hypersonic missiles. The Pentagon had confirmed some damage.

Admiral Michael Gilday, the chief of US naval operations, said developments in hypersonic weapons by America’s adversaries had made laser weapons a “top priority” for the US military.

“From a defensive standpoint, we’re focused on the threat,” he was quoted as saying by CNN during a public event in August.
The US Department of Defence reportedly spends US$1 billion a year on laser weapon development.

are difficult to intercept because they move at five times the speed of sound or beyond, faster than most interceptors, and sometimes fly unpredictable paths.

Laser weapons are seen as a promising countermeasure because a focused laser beam travels at the speed of light.
BPR is already used on many missiles and high-speed drones as a heat protection layer, according to Gao’s team.

But a laser energy beam – focused and intense enough – could burn a hole through a traditional BPR coating in just a few seconds, the team said.

So, Gao’s team bought some inorganic compounds “straight from the market”, such as silicon carbide, zirconium dioxide and carbon black nanopowder, and added them to the original resin. The result was a new composite tested under the codename “BPR-1”.


“Over time, white material appeared in the ablated area of BPR-1, but the heat impact area remained relatively intact with no obvious peeling or damage to the coating,” the researchers said in the paper.

After being subjected to a laser for 15 seconds, the BPR-1 coating showed a maximum back surface temperature of 230 degrees Celsius (445 Fahrenheit) – not hot enough to damage most aerospace aluminium alloys, which have a minimum melting point of 400 degrees Celsius.


A high-powered laser failed to burn through a low cost adhesive coating, according to Chinese researchers. Photo: Beijing Institute of Technology

Laboratory analysis of the blast area showed that many spherical particles had appeared and fused together at the bottom of the ablation pit.

The researchers also found molten glasslike materials across the heat-affected zone.

The particles and glasses were likely created by the added compounds, which formed a protective buffer that filled in the gaps in the resin to prevent further damage, the researchers said.

BPR-1 and other recent advancements in protective technology are pushing the directed energy weapons arms race between the United States and China to a new stage, according to a Beijing-based laser scientist.

“Welcome to Star Wars 2.0,” said the researcher, who requested not to be named due to the sensitivity of the technology.
Could a one-dollar material render a billion-dollar weapon technology useless? It is possible, but the improvement in protection would also force to further increase the power of the weapons, he said.

China, for instance, is developing a compact 10 gigawatt for directed energy weapons.

The condensed power source can be used to generate a laser or high-powered microwave, weapons that could target not only missiles and aircraft, but also satellites in lower-Earth orbit.

Nation makes new progress in manufacturing TBMs

By Yin Yeping Published: Jun 11, 2023 08:09 PM



Local people experience subway construction process in September 2018 in Xuzhou, East China's Jiangsu Province. Photo: VCG

The main bearing of China's first domestically produced super-large shield tunnel boring machine (TBM) has passed a professional review by Chinese academicians and experts.

As a major piece of equipment for infrastructure construction, known as "the king of construction machinery" in the world, the completion of the main bearing is a milestone as China strives to enhance technology self-reliance.

Experts who participated in the review said that the main bearing has reached the advanced level of imported products, with some indicators already reaching the world's standards in the world, according to media reports.

The main bearing, dubbed the "breaker," has a diameter of 8.01 meters and weighs 60 tons. It is the largest and heaviest single body part developed in China for TBMs.

The "breaker" can be applied to ultra-large shield machines with a diameter of 16 meters, with a designed service life of more than 10,000 hours or 416 days, and a sustainable excavation length of more than 10 kilometers.

Jiangsu-based CCCC Tianhe Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Co (CCCC Tianhe), a subsidiary of China Communications Construction Co (CCCC), and the Institute of Metal Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences, jointly developed the "breaker."

"By realizing independent production of main bearings, we can manufacture shield machines completely on our own," said Qian Qihu, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Many indicators of "breakers" include fatigue strength, metallurgical technology, quenching technology and assembly accuracy, and they all have surpassed the advanced level of similar imported products, and some indicators are already world-leading, according to Qian.

From the perspective of industrial security, China needs to come up with more advanced substitutes, especially for major equipment such as the TBMs, Liang Zhenpeng, an industry analyst, told the Global Times on Sunday.

The launch of the self-developed main bearing means that China has the independent intellectual property rights of the core components needed for making TBMs, which will shorten construction periods and save costs on tunnel projects.

It will also significantly contribute to the security and controllability of the national supply and industry chains, Liang said.

CCCC Tianhe has independently developed shield machines such as the 15.03-meter ultra-large diameter TBM called "Zhenxing" and China's first synchronous TBM known as "Xingye." The domestic parts supply rate has reached 98 percent.

The experts' review shows that the nation has fully mastered integrated technologies ranging from independent design to installation and commissioning, said Zhang Boyang, head of CCCC Tianhe.

Such breakthroughs have opened up the "last mile" toward national production of super large diameter shield machines, and the price is only about 70 percent of imported main bearings, Zhang said.

China has been ramping up efforts toward self-sufficiency and self-reliance. The 14th Five-Year plan (2021-25), issued by the State Council, the cabinet, focuses on enhancing competitiveness in core industries by improving the supply of basic software and hardware, core electronic components, key materials and production equipment.

An increasing number of Japanese scholars are filling research posts at universities and laboratories in China. In the past, China had mainly welcomed engineers from Japanese companies, but it is now looking to attract academics in astronomy and other basic fields of science.

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This trend contrasts with Japan, where scholars are struggling to find jobs because of budget cuts by universities. China has sharply increased spending on research programs over the past 20 years.

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Hiromu Kameoka, a former assistant professor at Tohoku University, became a group leader at the Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in September 2022. He set up his own team at the Shanghai-based center operated jointly with the John Innes Centre, a British organization well known for botanical studies. "I wanted to be an independent researcher as early as possible," he said.

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After stints at a number of Japanese universities, Kameoka settled into a post as a fixed-term assistant professor at Tohoku in 2020 in the hope of heading his own laboratory. But he was never given that chance, leading him to apply to the CAS, which eventually accepted him.

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Kameoka studies symbiotic relations between soil microbes and plants. A type of mold called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi gathers phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil and transfers the nutrients to plants, functioning as a "microbial fertilizer" while carrying a low environmental load. "I am more fortunate than many others, even in China," he said. Some $640,000 was provided to set up the lab and cover five years of research. He also has access to advanced equipment.

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Motoyuki Hattori, a professor at Fudan University in Shanghai, is often asked for advice by Japanese scholars who want to work in China. He stressed that the level of research and availability of posts are "different stories" when compared with Japan. Even if the required research level in China is high, it is easy to find positions despite a bumper crop of academics. "While the number of available posts is overwhelmingly large in China, it is overwhelmingly small in Japan," he said.

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The number of Japanese scholars in China is said to be large in the fields of biotechnology, life science, astronomy and pedestal physics. In astronomy, considered a basic science, there is a dearth of available positions in most of the world. In China, however, new faculties and laboratories are being created, as the government has decided to promote research in basic science as well as applied science.

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The Tsung-Dao Lee Institute at Shanghai Jiao Tong University aims to become a world-class research body in astrophysics. Proposed by Tsung-Dao Lee, a Chinese American physicist who won the Noble Prize in physics, the institute was established in 2016 and is promoting research in astronomy, quantum mechanics and particle physics.

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Yosuke Mizuno, a Japanese scholar studying black hole astrophysics, has been serving as an associate professor at the institute since 2020. He is also a member of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), an international project that captured an image of a black hole. While part of the EHT team, he had been looking for a research post in Japan and other countries and eventually found one at the Tsung-Dao Lee Institute.

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Openings for astronomers are increasing in China due to the establishment of astronomy departments at universities. American and European scholars often find it difficult to move to China, as its research culture differs greatly from that of their countries. Despite this and other differences, "Japanese have chances" in China, Mizuno said.

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Japanese scholars are also attracted to China due to the country having the largest number of academics in the world, and that it has closed in on the U.S. as the biggest spender on research and development. Ample funding has resulted in attractive, well-equipped laboratories, generous salaries for researchers and other incentives that allow scholars to fully devote themselves to their projects.

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China has been rapidly strengthening its global footprint in research and development since the start of the 2000s. It ranked 10th around 2000 in the number of most cited research papers produced, according to Japan's National Institute of Science and Technology Policy. Since 2008, the country has finished second, except in 2018 when it edged out the U.S. for the top spot.

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NATURE index published the complete data.

Nature Index ranking is based on high-quality research — i.e., most cited papers from the top 82 prestigious journals.

7 out of Top 10 academic institutions in the world for research are in China!



In Physics, all Top 5 universities in the world are Chinese.



In Chemistry, all Top 10 are from China.



Number of institutions that made it to the Nature Index list for high-quality research (by country):-

1. China - 136
2. USA - 116
3. Germany - 42
4. UK - 25
5. Japan - 18
6. India - 16
7. Canada - 15
8. South Korea - 12

Chinese universities ranked ahead of Oxbridge, Caltech in quality research output by Nature Index​

• Rankings based on published scientific papers show Chinese institutions overtaking the US and other Western counterparts
• Sun Yat-sen University overtakes Oxford with 22 per cent more contributions to world research in the past year, rankings show

Some universities that are little known outside China are rapidly surpassing their more established counterparts in the West – including Oxford, Cambridge, Princeton and Caltech – in high-quality scientific research, according to the latest Nature Index.

Seven of the top 10 university contributors were from China in the updated list – maintained by the academic journal Nature – that tracks contributions to research articles published in 82 of the world’s most influential natural science journals.

The index was based on scientific research output between February 1, 2022 and January 31, using “simple, transparent and current metrics that demonstrate high quality research and collaboration”, according to Nature.

The top five spots were dominated by large-scale institutions like the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Germany’s Max Plank Society and the French National Centre for Scientific Research, apart from Harvard University, which scored second place.

Excluding large-scale institutions, Harvard was closely followed by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) – which has a close relationship with the CAS – was in third place among university contributors.

Chinese dominance continued down the rankings, with Nanjing University – one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China – joining hands with Beijing’s renowned Peking University and Tsinghua University to take fourth, fifth and sixth places, respectively.

Stanford placed seventh while Zhejiang University, known for its engineering, computer science and technology programmes, was ranked eighth. Next was the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In 10th place was Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, in the southern province of Guangdong.

Britain’s Oxford and Cambridge universities only made it to the 16th and 19th spots, respectively, despite being ranked second and fourth in this year’s QS World University Rankings, compiled by higher education analyst Quacquarelli Symonds.
Sun Yat-sen University, which ranks 267 in the QS list, overtook the University of Oxford by making 22 per cent more contributions to the world’s published high-quality research, according to the Nature Index.

Some North American universities also received low scores from the Nature Index compared with their QS rankings.

The California Institute of Technology (Caltech), which is ranked sixth best in the world by QS, placed 47th in the Nature list. University of Chicago, in 10th place on the QS ranking, was in the 51st spot in terms of research output.

The highest placed Chinese universities in the QS rankings are Peking University at No 12 and Tsinghua University in 14th place. The QS list ranks Nanjing University at No 133, with USTC placed 94th. UCAS is not included in the QS ranking.

A look at the Nature Index between 2015 and 2023 shows how rapidly China has been closing the gap with the US in terms of high-quality research output.
China’s share of quality published research – a signature metric of the index – was 37 per cent of the US output in 2015. By 2020, that had risen to 69 per cent. In this year’s list, China’s share has overtaken the United States’ contribution by 20 per cent.

Among the four major disciplines tracked by the index – chemistry, Earth and environment, life sciences, and physical sciences – Chinese universities have a clear lead in chemistry.

After overtaking US contributions in the field of chemistry in 2018, Chinese institutions this year contributed more than twice as much research as their American counterparts on the list.
In physics, USTC, Tsinghua University and UCAS took the top three places in the Nature Index rankings. Correspondingly, the US maintained a substantial lead in life sciences, with its research output more than triple that of China’s.

The growth of Chinese research is in part associated with the return to China of many well-known scientists, a shift that has included switching their academic affiliations to institutions in the country.

Additionally, an article published in August by the peer-reviewed journal Science indicated that Chinese scientists have leapt to the forefront in terms of the number of highly-cited papers published.

“The research level of Chinese universities has been significantly enhanced. Since the pace is fast, there is naturally more research output,” Xiamen University professor Peng Li said.

Liu Zunfeng, a professor from Nankai University, said China’s strong results also stemmed from its emphasis on fundamental scientific research but the scope of the index was limited.

“The index mainly consists of results from a few representative journals across various fields. It is more of a measurement indicator in the field of basic scientific research,” he said.

Liu said the Nature Index reflected just one aspect of research, tracking only a small proportion of articles published and covering just the natural sciences.

“Many scientific research institutions do not publish papers or write patents, choosing instead to keep their technology confidential. Therefore, the information reflected in this list is limited,” he said.

Rankings by QS and US News – which often place Chinese universities lower – also consider factors like a school’s wealth and accolades, as indicators of its “soft power”. These elements are not taken into account in the Nature Index.

A representative of a study-abroad agency in Beijing said the agency referred mainly to the broader QS rankings when recommending overseas institutions.
“In addition to research capabilities, students also consider factors such as faculty quality and graduation rates. Ultimately, they choose a highly ranked school that aligns with their professional abilities,” the representative said.

Studying abroad is still seen as an important part of a student’s academic training, with Liu describing international exchanges as “crucial”.

“For instance, after completing a doctoral degree, it is ideal to engage in postdoctoral research abroad, as it helps to broaden one’s horizons,” he said.

Peng also regards the opportunity to study abroad as an important part of the university experience.

“Because many universities emphasise overseas experience when recruiting, when students continue their studies, they should first consider better overseas colleges,” she said.

“But if they only receive offers from ordinary colleges, I would suggest they find a better university in China.”

China just tightening their grip on rare earth processing technology.

Chinese rare earth tech innovation aims for faster, cleaner extraction: paper​

• Guangzhou team says their electric power method could make China even more competitive in global supply chain
• ‘Technique is viable, both environmentally and economically, revealing new paths for the sustainable harvesting of natural resources’: Professor He Hongping

Chinese scientists have developed a new method to extract from ore with electric power, a technological breakthrough they say can triple production speed, reduce pollution and strengthen China’s dominant role in the .

Rare earth elements are essential in various industrial and military applications but mining them is extremely time consuming and the large amount of chemicals required to separate these elements from other materials usually comes at a high environmental cost.

China plays an important role in global rare earth production, especially for elements with higher molecular weight.


“The ion-adsorption deposits in southern China supply more than 95 per cent of the global heavy rare earth elements demand,” said Professor He Hongping, head of the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a paper published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Sustainability on October 31.

Traditionally, workers use ammonium sulphate as a leaching agent to extract rare earths from natural deposits, then use ammonium bicarbonate to remove impurities. Finally, they obtain ionic rare earth concentrates by roasting.

Both chemicals are harmful to the environment. Ammonium salts may penetrate into the soil and remove minerals such as calcium and magnesium that are important for plants and the ecosystem. For example, many microorganisms stop being active after chemical immersion. Restoring these minerals can be a difficult and costly process.

To solve this problem, He and his group proposed a green, efficient and selective recovery of rare earths from the Earth’s crust that would require less of the solution to rinse the ores by applying an external electric field to the mining area.

The rare earth ions are activated by the electric current and migrate in a designed direction, making collection more efficient. And with more charged energy, the rare earth ions gather at the cathode and hinder impure metal ions from binding.

To test this unprecedented method, the team conducted a small-scale experiment in the lab, a scaled-up trial and further on-site field experiments in Guangzhou.

In the scaled-up test, the recovery rate for rare earth elements using their new method was reported to reach 96 per cent in 67 hours, while the recovery rate using the traditional leaching method was only 60 per cent in 130 hours, the team said.

In the field experiment, they reported the recovery rate when using their method reached more than 90 per cent in 11 days, and the amount of leaching agent used was reduced by about 80 per cent compared with the traditional ammonium method.

The team said the electricity consumption could be provided by photovoltaic panels, which might further lower the production cost.
“The annual cost for conventional leaching is 2.8 times higher than the new method,” He wrote in the paper.

“The technique is viable, both environmentally and economically, revealing new paths for the sustainable harvesting of natural resources.”

He’s team declined the South China Morning Post’s interview request because of the sensitivity of the technology.

While China produced 70 per cent of the world’s rare earth magnetic materials, Chinese production companies often did not know the end user of these high-value minerals, said Li Wei, an academician with the Chinese Academy of Engineering, was quoted as saying in report by state news agency Xinhua in October 2020.

Rare earths have excellent optical, electrical and magnetic properties. They are to manufacture LCD panels, high-performance magnets and mobile phones. And because of the high performance of rare earth materials in the military field, they are also an indispensable strategic resource.

“It takes 920 pounds [417kg] of rare earth materials to make an F-35 combat aircraft, 5,200 pounds to build an Arleigh Burke DDG-51 destroyer, 9,200 pounds to build an SSN-774 Virginia-class submarine,” according to a report by the Congressional Research Service, a public policy research institute of the US Congress.

Scientists from Xi'an Jiaotong University tranmitted color and grayscale images on short wave in real time. In a test done recently, they had two transceivers about 170 km apart, each connected to a shortwave radio on serial port with bandwidth of only 600bps (75 bytes per second). The shortwave radio provider was highly satisfied with the good quality of the images received.

西安交大科研团队短波信道极低码流智能图像实时传输获重大突破​

短波通讯利用地球大气电离层天波反射传播，无须中继站就可以长距离通讯，且电台体积小、技术成熟，对天灾、战争的抗毁能力强、受天气影响小，在卫星通信中断的情况下也能保持上千公里的通讯。但短波通讯的劣势是其传输速率和带宽极低。每个短波信道只占用3.7kHz的频率宽度，单载波短波数据传输速率不高于9.6Kbit/s（真实应用场合大约1000bits/s，即每秒125个字节）。

现有的图像视频编解码算法均无法满足短波信道传输图像视频在质量和超高压缩比之间的均衡要求。当前短波电台仅用于通话或简单文本传输，短波信道实时传输图像视频被业界公认为不可行，多年来国内外的研究一直未有大的突破。近期该难题终于被西安交大科研人员破解。

近日，西安交通大学人机混合增强智能全国重点实验室葛晨阳博士团队在西安和宝鸡两地之间开展短波信道极低码流智能图像实时传输实验获得重大突破。发射和接收端都采用该团队自研的“极低码流智能图像传输设备”，通过串口与短波电台通讯（传输带宽为600bps，即75Bytes/s），实现彩色或灰度图像的实时传输。图像效果得到短波电台提供方大型通信企业资深专家的高度认可，认为该技术是短波通信领域的颠覆性创新技术，是“过去从未想过能实现的”。

通过本次实验验证了西安交大人工智能与机器人研究所葛晨阳博士团队的超高压缩比AIGC图像编解码技术成果在极低带宽智能通信领域应用的可行性，并有助于开启智能手机卫星通信、无人机/无人车远距离遥操作、数字元宇宙时代的到来。

葛晨阳博士团队依托人机混合增强智能全国重点实验室（学术带头人中国工程院院士郑南宁），从事“人工智能基础理论-核心算法-关键技术-架构平台”四个层次布局混合增强智能基础理论与技术研究。该实验室目标为建立国际高水平自主可控创新研究平台，产出具有国际影响力的重大原创成果，抢占人工智能发展的理论创新制高点，推动人工智能变革性与颠覆性技术创新。

SanWenYu said:

Scientists from Xi'an Jiaotong University tranmitted color and grayscale images on short wave in real time. In a test done recently, they had two transceivers about 170 km apart, each connected to a shortwave radio on serial port with bandwidth of only 600bps (75 bytes per second). The shortwave radio provider was highly satisfied with the good quality of the images received.

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西安交大科研团队短波信道极低码流智能图像实时传输获重大突破​

短波通讯利用地球大气电离层天波反射传播，无须中继站就可以长距离通讯，且电台体积小、技术成熟，对天灾、战争的抗毁能力强、受天气影响小，在卫星通信中断的情况下也能保持上千公里的通讯。但短波通讯的劣势是其传输速率和带宽极低。每个短波信道只占用3.7kHz的频率宽度，单载波短波数据传输速率不高于9.6Kbit/s（真实应用场合大约1000bits/s，即每秒125个字节）。

现有的图像视频编解码算法均无法满足短波信道传输图像视频在质量和超高压缩比之间的均衡要求。当前短波电台仅用于通话或简单文本传输，短波信道实时传输图像视频被业界公认为不可行，多年来国内外的研究一直未有大的突破。近期该难题终于被西安交大科研人员破解。

近日，西安交通大学人机混合增强智能全国重点实验室葛晨阳博士团队在西安和宝鸡两地之间开展短波信道极低码流智能图像实时传输实验获得重大突破。发射和接收端都采用该团队自研的“极低码流智能图像传输设备”，通过串口与短波电台通讯（传输带宽为600bps，即75Bytes/s），实现彩色或灰度图像的实时传输。图像效果得到短波电台提供方大型通信企业资深专家的高度认可，认为该技术是短波通信领域的颠覆性创新技术，是“过去从未想过能实现的”。

通过本次实验验证了西安交大人工智能与机器人研究所葛晨阳博士团队的超高压缩比AIGC图像编解码技术成果在极低带宽智能通信领域应用的可行性，并有助于开启智能手机卫星通信、无人机/无人车远距离遥操作、数字元宇宙时代的到来。

葛晨阳博士团队依托人机混合增强智能全国重点实验室（学术带头人中国工程院院士郑南宁），从事“人工智能基础理论-核心算法-关键技术-架构平台”四个层次布局混合增强智能基础理论与技术研究。该实验室目标为建立国际高水平自主可控创新研究平台，产出具有国际影响力的重大原创成果，抢占人工智能发展的理论创新制高点，推动人工智能变革性与颠覆性技术创新。

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Whats the significance of this compared to other wireless communication methods?