News on China's scientific and technological development.

Hendrik_2000

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Li-Fi in China: A Chinese homegrown, commercial-grade ultra-wideband visible light communication chipset was released in Chongqing on Friday. First of its kind in the world, it supports data transmission at speeds 10 times faster than 5G and will be put to trial use in 2 years.

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Gree Sets Up Semiconductor Unit to Help China Make Chips at Home

LIAO SHUMIN
DATE: WED, 08/22/2018 - 15:03 / SOURCE:YICAI
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Gree Sets Up Semiconductor Unit to Help China Make Chips at Home

(Yicai Global) Aug. 22 -- Chinese appliance maker Gree Electric, best known for its air conditioners, has set up a CNY1 billion (USD146 million) chipmaking subsidiary after several claims that it would enter the semiconductor business as the country looks to reduce reliance on imports.

Gree is the sole shareholder in Zhuhai Zero Border Integrated Circuit, while the new unit’s legal representative is Dong Mingzhu -- Gree’s chair and one of China’s most successful businesswomen -- according to data from the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System. The firm’s registered business scope covers a broad range of areas, including chipmaking, the Internet of Things and software for mobile devices.

The firm announced in April that it would not pay out dividends for 2017, the first time in over a decade. Instead, Dong told shareholders that the company would be using the profit to foray into other sectors, particularly chipmaking, in which Dong said she was prepared to invest as much as CNY50 billion -- or more than double last year’s net income.

Semiconductors have been a hot topic in the world’s second-largest economy after the United States reprimanded one of China’s biggest telecoms equipment makers, ZTE, in April for illegally selling American technology to Iran and North Korea and failing to punish employees behind the scheme.

The US forbade domestic companies from selling technology to the firm, bringing ZTE to a standstill until American lawmakers lifted the ban after US President Donald Trump stepped in. ZTE may have escaped the ordeal, but the debacle highlighted major holes in China’s domestic chip development.

In order to nurture its own semiconductor unit, Gree plans to quadruple revenue to CNY600 billion (USD87.7 billion) within five years, Dong said in June, adding that by 2019 she expects all of the company’s air conditioners to be using its own chips. The half-decade goal might seem farfetched, but income soared 45 percent annually to CNY150 billion in 2017, with air-con sales making up about 82 percent of all revenue. If it wants to hit the target, it will need income to increase by an average of just under 32 percent a year.

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building a superconducting computer: media reports
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Can China build a US$145 million superconducting computer that will change the world?
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Chinese scientists are embarking on a one-billion yuan, high-risk, high-reward plan to build low-energy top-performance computing systems
UPDATED : Monday, 27 August, 2018, 12:44pm
China is building a 1 billion yuan (US$145.4 million) “superconducting computer” – an unprecedented machine capable of developing new weapons, breaking codes, analysing intelligence and – according to official information and researchers involved in the project – helping stave off surging energy demand.

Computers are power-hungry, and increasingly so. According to an estimate by the Semiconductor Industry Association, they will need more electricity than the world can generate by 2040, unless the way they are designed is dramatically improved.

The superconducting computer is one of the most radical advances proposed by scientists to reduce the environmental footprint of machine calculation.

The concept rests on sending electric currents through supercooled circuits made of superconducting materials. The system results in almost zero resistance – in theory at least – and would require just a fraction of the energy of traditional computers, from one-fortieth to one-thousandth, according to some estimates.

INTO THE SUPER LEAGUE

Chinese scientists have already made a number of breakthroughs in applying superconducting technology to computers. They have developed new integrated circuits with superconducting material in labs and tested an industrial process that would enable the production of relatively low cost, sophisticated superconducting chips at mass scale. They have also nearly finished designing the architecture for the computer’s systems.

Now the aim is to have a prototype of the machine up and running as early as 2022, according to a programme quietly launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in November last year with a budget estimated to be as much as one billion yuan.

If these efforts are successful, the Chinese military would be able to accelerate research and development for new thermonuclear weapons, stealth jets and next-generation submarines with central processing units running at the frequency of 770 gigahertz or higher. By contrast, the existing fastest commercial processor runs at just 5Ghz.

The advance would give Chinese companies an upper hand in the global competition to make energy-saving data centres essential to processing the big data needed for artificial intelligence applications, according to Chinese researchers in supercomputer technology.

CAS president Bai Chunli said the technology could help China challenge the US’ dominance of computers and chips.

“The integrated circuit industry is the core of the information technology industry … that supports economic and social development and safeguards national security,” Bai said in May during a visit to the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, a major facility for developing superconducting computers.

“Superconducting digital circuits and superconducting computers … will help China cut corners and overtake [other countries] in integrated circuit technology,” he was quoted as saying on the institute’s website.

But the project is high-risk. Critics have questioned whether it is wise to put so much money and resources into a theoretical computer design that is yet to be realised, given that similar attempts by other countries have ended in failure.

IN THE BEGINNING

The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered by physicists more than a century ago. After the second world war, the United States, the former Soviet Union, Japan and some European countries tried to build large-scale, cryogenically cooled circuits with low electric resistance. In the US, the effort attracted the support of the government’s spy agency, the National Security Agency (NSA) and defence department because of the technology’s potential military and intelligence applications.

But the physical properties of superconducting materials, such as niobium, was less well understood than silicon, which is used in traditional computers.

As a result, chip fabrication proved challenging, and precise control of the information system at low temperatures, sometimes close to absolute zero, or minus 273 degrees Celsius, were a headache. Though some prototypes were made, none could be scaled up.

Meanwhile, silicon-based computers advanced rapidly with increasing speed and efficiency, raising the bar for research and development for a superconducting computer.

But those big gains using silicon seem to have ended, with the high-end Intel Core i7 chips, for instance, have been on computer store shelves for nearly a decade.

And as supercomputers grow bigger, so too does their energy consumption. Today’s fastest computers, the Summit in the US and China’s Sunway TaihuLight, require 30 megawatts of power to run at full capacity, more power than a Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine can generate. And their successors, the exascale supercomputers, which are capable of 1,000 petaflops, or performing 1 million trillion floating-point operations per second, is likely to need a stand-alone power station.

Li Xiaowei, executive deputy director of the State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, who is well acquainted with the Chinese programme, said the main motivation to build a superconducting computer was to cut the energy demands of future high-performance computers.

“It will be a general-purpose computer capable to run different kinds of algorithms … from text processing to finding big prime numbers”, the latter an important method to decode encrypted messages, according to Li.

Li would not give technical details of the machine under construction but he confirmed it would not be a quantum computer.

“It is built and run on a classical structure,” he told the South China Morning Post.

Instead of encoding information in bits with a value of one or zero, quantum computers use qubits, which act more like switches and can be a one and a zero at the same time. Most types of quantum computers also require extremely cold environments to operate.

Quantum computers are believed to be faster than classical superconducting computers but are likely to be limited to specific jobs and take a lot longer to realise. Many technologies, though, can be shared and moved from one platform to another.

THE RACE IS ON

China is not the only country in the race. The NSA launched a similar project in 2014. The Cryogenic Computing Complexity programme under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence has awarded contracts to research teams at IBM, Raytheon-BBN and Northrop Grumman to build a superconducting computer.

“The power, space, and cooling requirements for current supercomputers based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology are becoming unmanageable,” programme manager Marc Manheimer said in a statement.

“Computers based on superconducting logic integrated with new kinds of cryogenic memory will allow expansion of current computing facilities while staying within space and energy budgets, and may enable supercomputer development beyond the exascale.”

During the initial phase of the programme, the researchers would develop the critical components for the memory and logic subsystems and plan the prototype computer. The goal was to later scale and integrate the components into a working computer and test its performance using a set of standard benchmarking programs, according to NSA.

The deadline and budget of the US programme has not been disclosed.

Back in China, Xlichip, an electronics company based in Shenzhen, a growing technology hub in the country’s south, confirmed on Tuesday that it had been awarded a contract to supply test hardware for a superconducting computer programme at CAS’s Institute of Computing Technology in Beijing.

“The client has some special requirements but we have confidence to come up with the product,” a company spokeswoman said, without elaborating.

Fan Zhongchao, researcher with CAS’s Institute of Semiconductors who reviewed the contract as part of an expert panel, said the hardware was a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a reconfigurable chip that could be used to simulate and test the design of a large-scale, sophisticated integrated circuit.

“The overall design [of the FPGA testing phase] is close to complete,” he said.

There are signs that China is getting closer to its superconducting goal.

Last year, Chinese researchers realised mass production of computer chips with 10,000 superconducting junctions, according to the academy’s website. That compares to the more than 800,000 junctions a joint research team at Stony Brook University and MIT squeezed into a chip. But most fabrication works reported so far were in small quantities in laboratories, not scaled up for factory production.

Zheng Dongning, leader of the superconductor thin films and devices group in the National Laboratory for Superconductivity at the Institute of Physics in Beijing, said that if 10,000-junction chips could be mass produced with low defect rates, they could be used as building blocks for the construction of a superconducting computer.

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CHIPPING AWAY

Zheng said China’s determination to develop the new technology would only be strengthened by the trade war with the United States. Many Chinese companies are reliant on US computing chips and the White House’s threats in May to ban chip exports to Chinese telecommunications giant ZTE almost sent the company to the wall.

“It is increasingly difficult to get certain chips from the US this year. The change is felt by many people,” he said.

But Zheng said China should not count on the superconducting computer technology to challenge US dominance. The US and other countries such as Japan had invested many more years in this area of research than China and although their investments were smaller they were consistent, giving them a big edge in knowledge and experience.

“One billion yuan is a lot of money, but it cannot solve all the remaining problems. Some technical issues may need years to find a solution, however intensive the investment,” Zheng said.

“Year 2022 may be a bit of a rush.”

Wei Dongyuan, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, a government think tank on science policies, said China should be more transparent about the programme and give the public more information about its applications.

“It can be used in weather forecasts or to simulate the explosion of new nuclear weapons. One challenge is to develop a new operating system. Software development has always been China’s soft spot,” he said.

Chen Quan, a supercomputer scientist at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, said superconducting was often mentioned in academic discussions on the development of the next generation of high-performance computers.

China was building more than one exascale computer, and “it is possible that one will be superconductive”, he said.
 

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Via LKj86 From global times
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China’s defense company develops high-tech IC chip equipment
By Liu Xuanzun and Ma Jun Source:Global Times Published: 2018/8/29 20:28:40

A Chinese defense company said independently mastering chip-making technology is crucial to overcoming foreign restrictions.

China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) has independently developed high-tech machines used to make integrated circuit (IC) chips, including 28-nanometer ion implanters and 200-millimeter chemical mechanical polishing equipment, according to a statement the company sent to the Global Times on Wednesday.

The machines were showcased at an IC technology exhibit in Beijing, the statement said.

China needs to have the equipment and technology to make IC chips as foreign companies used to dominate the industry, Zhang Cong, CETC technical director, told the Global Times.

"Foreign companies not only set high prices but also determined the quality of products they sold to China," Zhang said, noting that foreign companies never sold equipment capable of producing more advanced military chips.

Foreign technologies have evolved to the third generation, but foreign companies were only willing to sell first generation equipment to China, Zhang said.

China relied heavily on imports of high-end IC chips due to restrictions on manufacturing equipment, base materials and technologies. The country spends more than $200 billion a year on IC imports, the CETC statement said.

After China recently mastered the second generation technology, foreign companies greatly reduced their prices for first generation machines and agreed to sell second generation equipment to China, Zhang said.

"Independently mastering the manufacturing technology is good for the industry in China, as we can choose our domestic products and buy foreign products at a lower price," Zhang noted.

China is still behind the cutting-edge in IC chip production, and further efforts are needed to improve the domestic technology, Zhang said.

CETC is a state-owned technology group which focuses on the defense industry. The company delivers key components to Chinese military satellites, missiles, aircraft, vessels and vehicles, the company's website said.

"As basic components of weapon systems, IC chips play a key role in missile guidance, ballistics calculation, target recognition and intelligent control," Wang Ya'nan, chief editor of Aerospace Knowledge magazine, told the Global Times on Wednesday.

Without advanced IC chips, weapons cannot perform as they were designed to, he said, noting that a country's security is dependent on domestically made IC chips for this reason.

Being able to independently make IC chips means that China not only meets the military requirements for chips but also future commercial uses, he said.

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now I read
Chipset released for high-speed visible light communication
Xinhua| 2018-08-30 20:51:19
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China has developed a commercial-grade high-speed visible light communication chipset.

Visible light communication utilizes LED to transmit high-rate data. The ultimate goal is to make "where there is LED, there is wireless communication" happen.

It is reported that the highest rate of the visible light communication chipset can be as high as Gbps.

The chipset was collaboratively developed by the visible light communication team of National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological R&D Center (NDSC), Dongguan Xinda Institute of Integrated Innovation, information technology innovation center of Binhai New Area and Chongqing Hi-tech Zone.

It is expected to provide eco-friendly, ubiquitous and cheap access for 5G mobile communication in indoor environments, as well as supporting intelligent family service based on virtual reality (VR), high-speed digital system, and underwater high-speed wireless information networks.

Wu Jiangxing, an academician with the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said that the innovation of the visible light communication commercial-grade chipset would push forward the development of the visible light communication industry and application market.
 

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Huawei's 7nm Kirin 980 chip could give Qualcomm reason to worry
Alongside that architecture, there's new Cortex-A76 cores, new GPUs, dual neural processors and more.
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, and Huawei has just proclaimed itself the winner. The company just unveiled its Kirin 980 CPU here at IFA 2018, and says it is the world's first commercial 7nm system-on-chip (SoC). But that's not the new processor's only claim for the record books: The 980 is also the first to use Cortex-A76 cores, dual neural processing units, the Mali G76 GPU, a 1.4 Gbps LTE modem as well as support faster RAM. Whew. That's a lot.

Manufactured with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturer Company's (TSMC) 7nm process, the Kirin 980 uses a new octa-core architecture that mixes big, little and medium cores for more efficiency.

The two big cores run at 2.6GHz and kick in when taxing tasks like gaming are in progress. Two middle cores with clock speeds of 1.92GHz support less-intensive processes like browsing or posting to social media, while the four little Cortex-A55 cores run at 1.8GHz. These are best used background processes or playing music, since they sap less energy. The processor can also tap different types of cores at once to maximize performance and efficiency.

Importantly, the new 7nm architecture itself promises benefits like 20 percent faster performance and 40 percent less power-consumption (compared to 10nm systems). It's this killer feature that explains why all the tech companies have been chasing this new tiny architecture size -- it will deliver noticeable battery life improvements to new mobile devices.

The Kirin 980 also packs two Neural Processing Units (NPUs), which Huawei says helps devices run AI tasks faster and better than other chips. The Kirin can recognize up to 4,500 images per minute on the Resnet 50 model, while Qualcomm's Snapdragon 845 and Apple's A11 identified 2,371 and 1,458 respectively, according to Huawei's tests.

Also debuting in the new Kirin chipset is
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, which should offer 30 percent more efficiency and let devices run a wider variety of high-end games. Then, there's the 1.4Gbps Cat 21 LTE modem, which should offer faster cellular data transfers, and new support for 2,133MHz LPDDR4X RAM should enable speedier multitasking. The Kirin 980 will also be compatible with Huawei's Balong 5G modem in preparation for next-gen networks, and packs dual image signal processors that promise better photo quality.

That's a lot of "shoulds" and understandably so. Since we don't have any hardware to test out yet, we can't judge if these claims are real. But Huawei did say the Kirin 980 will power the upcoming Mate 20 flagship, and its sub-brand Honor has already teased that the Honor Magic 2 will also use the new processor. We likely won't have to wait long to test out these bold claims of "FIRST," then.
 

Hendrik_2000

Lieutenant General
From the man who is at the center of A1 program in China
Leapfrogging: How China caught up to Silicon Valley
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AUGUST 31, 2018 3:23 AM (UTC+8)
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An upcoming book on
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makes the startling contention that in just the last three years, China has caught up to Silicon Valley in AI. And, no, Mr Trump, it’s not because the Chinese stole the algorithm from Google. Rather, China leapfrogged the US in mobile computing, which enabled it to take a different path to AI nirvana.

The full title of Dr Kai-fu Lee’s book, which will be published next month, is AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Lee is one of the pioneer creators and thinkers of artificial intelligence. After he obtained his doctorate in AI from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he joined Apple in Cupertino, California, to develop a voice-recognition system. He then left for China to build research centers of excellence for Microsoft and Google. Now he is the premier venture capitalist investing in AI startups in China.

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Must-reads from across Asia - directly to your inbox
Nowadays, artificial intelligence has become part of daily conversation, even if not everyone understands what AI is all about. Wall Street considers AI to be the latest prime investment in technology, following the Internet and the smartphone. Lee believes development of AI is even more profound than that, equating the future impact of AI on human civilization to be as fundamentally revolutionary as the invention of the steam engine that ignited the first Industrial Revolution, and electricity for the second.

Deep learning raised the power of AI
AI became a real emerging technology when researchers moved machine learning to the next level – “deep learning.” A properly designed neural network can learn to fine-tune an algorithm by repetitive trial-and-error calculations, at lightning speed, until the best solution is derived based on the data set fed to the algorithm. The bigger the data set that’s fed to the algorithm, the better the resulting optimization and solution.

The importance of big data, explains Lee, has allowed China to close the gap with Silicon Valley in AI because China generates much more useful and higher-quality data than the US. Lee credits the late
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and the introduction of the smartphone as the event that pushed China into AI development.

Observers in the West may not have noticed that as China’s economy grew at dizzying rates in the 40 years since reforms began, the country has leapfrogged certain crucial developments along the way. Telecommunication is one such example. When China began its economic reforms, its telecommunication network was woefully inadequate. The country was so underinvested in copper-wire lines overland that it was easier for the consumer to adopt the mobile phone rather than waiting for the allocation of a landline.

The smartphone facilitated China’s entry to AI
When Apple introduced the iPhone in 2007, China already had the largest number of mobile-phone users in the world, and those users were primed to upgrade to a smartphone, albeit not always an iPhone but a lower priced, domestically made alternative. At the time most Chinese did not own a computer at home and the smartphone gave them Internet access bypassing the need to buy a computer.

Chinese entrepreneurs quickly learned to develop apps specifically for the smartphone. For example, being decades behind the West, the use of credit cards never really took off in China. Now with WeChat, considered a “super-app” by Lee, the smartphone can be linked to the owner’s bank account and the phone becomes a digital billfold able to make and receive payments.

The author argues that while China remains behind the US on the creative side of writing AI algorithms, it has been closing the gap and in some aspects surpassing Silicon Valley in certain uses of AI

American AI monitors user preferences such as what website a user visits. In China, Tencent, the owner of WeChat, can gather data not only on what the user looked at, but what he or she bought, from whom, where and when. The data collected are of much higher quality and multifaceted. In addition, China has at least three times as many users generating data for feeding into AI optimization than the US.

The author argues that while China remains behind the US on the creative side of writing AI algorithms, it has been closing the gap and in some aspects surpassing Silicon Valley in certain uses of AI. This has occurred within the last three years because China has been gushing high-quality data derived from the smartphone.

Data drive the AI virtuous cycle
The vast quantity of quality data is helping China refine AI, which helps to improve product offerings and that increases customer acceptance, generating even more data to optimize AI programs. Lee calls this the virtuous cycle of AI, whereby the availability of data would allow an inferior AI algorithm to surpass the performance of a superior one that does not have access to as much data.

One example would suffice to illustrate the difference between China and the US. A program in China called Smart Finance has used AI and access to the user’s smartphone to determine the creditworthiness of the individual and grant the user a personal loan. No collateral, no credit report, no personal references, and no banking information are needed. And the single-digit loan-default rate is the envy of commercial banks.

Apparently AI correlation of hundreds of data points residing in the smartphone (Lee calls them weak features) can more accurately evaluate the reliability of the borrower, even if no human banker can fathom why. The iteration of AI over millions of smartphones has established predictive rules, and the accuracy will only improve with use – and defaults will become even more uncommon.

While groundbreaking AI research will continue in the US, China is graduating upwards of a million AI engineers every year. They are motivated and will work long hours to find new products and services based on AI solutions. And the access to huge amounts of data will more than offset their shortcomings as algorithm designers.

China’s leadership recognizes the importance of AI and has allocated financial support to encourage and further AI research. The US? Not so much federal support, and America will continue to depend on private-sector efforts. Private-sector AI will remain proprietary and be kept behind closed doors.

The author does not express much anxiety over possible rivalry between the US and China. He is much more concerned with eventual advances in AI that could lead to widespread displacement of humans by machines. Owners of powerful AI could become members of a small elite class who enjoy all the wealth and status while a “useless” class of masses can no longer generate enough economic value to support themselves.

This is where Lee becomes very personal, drawing from his own dramatic experience as a cancer survivor. He suggests that no matter how advanced AI becomes, it can never replace human interactions that offer love and compassion. He proposes that we begin to prepare by placing higher priority and monetary value on socially beneficial activities. In other words, a drastic and basic reordering of our value system based on humanity.

Lee’s book is a thoughtful treatise on the possible benefits and possible destructive damage AI poses to the world. Anyone wanting to understand the downside of unbridled AI advances on humankind will find relevant questions and answers in this book.

Kai-fu Lee’s book AI Superpowers will be published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt next month, and Dr Lee is already scheduled to make several appearances in the San Francisco Bay Area to talk about his book around the last week of September.

The Committee of 100 is the co-sponsor with the Commonwealth Club of Dr Kai-fu Lee’s speaking engagement in Santa Clara, California, on September 26. Go
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for more information.

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Hendrik_2000

Lieutenant General
China’s first commercial 200 Gb/s silicon optical transceiver chip goes into service

China’s first self-developed commercial 200 Gb/s silicon optical transceiver chip kicked off its operation on August 29, as one of the most integrated commercial silicon optical chips in the world, marking a milestone in the field of silicon photonics in China.

Jointly developed by
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National Laboratory of Optoelectronics and private high-tech company CCELINK, the new product supports high-speed optical data transmission up to 200 Gb/s (25 GB/s). It also has a number of the advantages, including an ultra-small size, high performance, and low cost.

Nearly 60 optical elements function for light transmission, modulation, and reception, which are integrated onto a silicon chip that is less than 30-square-millimeters across - about one third the size of traditional chips.

Silicon
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have long been a barrier in China’s optical communications industry and the latest development has proven the nation’s foundation for design and manufacturing of commercial-use silicon chips, experts said.

The optical chip is urgently needed in the field of optical communications and optical interconnects. In addition, it can also be produced using large-scale commercial Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, effectively improving the country’s capacity of manufacturing and processing high-end optoelectronic chips.

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Quickie

Colonel
China starts developing civilian passenger airship

BEIJING, Sept. 3 (Xinhua) -- China has started developing a civilian passenger airship, announced the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Ltd. (AVIC) in a document posted at its website.

The 3,500-cubic-meter airship will have a large load capacity of 840 kg, with the ability to hold a maximum of 10 passengers. The flight duration will reach 24 hours, with a maximum range of 1,000 km and a flight altitude of 3,050 meters.

The front of the airship is made up of pilot and passenger compartments, while the fuel engines are located at the back.

The airship's flight control system can quickly switch from manned to unmanned, and the airship can be controlled remotely from the ground or through program control.

Modern manned airships are suitable for air tourism and passenger and freight transport in remote regions since they are economical, safe and comfortable.

The airship will be widely used in tourism, surveying and prospecting, ocean monitoring, freight transport and emergency rescue.

The airship's first flight is expected to take place in 2020.


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