Chinese Radar Developments - KLJ series and others

Tam

Brigadier
Registered Member
Now this baby here is military as it says so in its ad. Its a GaN power amp for jammers with an output power of 2000W running at X-band. This entertains the possibility that the latest ECM gear used with the PLAAF and PLAN might be using GaN.

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Inst

Captain
Good luck with that. The image is likely deliberately grainy to not give away the count.

Doable with great effort (i.e, CIA). First, determine the size of a TR antenna. These antennas are all constant. Then divide the picture into planes, determine the number of planes and the number of antennas per plane, using both the antenna size and the projected antenna size based on perspective distortion.
 

Tam

Brigadier
Registered Member
Doable with great effort (i.e, CIA). First, determine the size of a TR antenna. These antennas are all constant. Then divide the picture into planes, determine the number of planes and the number of antennas per plane, using both the antenna size and the projected antenna size based on perspective distortion.

You get the square area, based on radius and diameter, for circle, rectangle, square or octagon, which are the most common array shapes. Distance between one element to another is determined by the wavelength divided by two, or multiplied by .577. For example X-band is 8 to 12 GHz, which is 3.75 to 2.5 cm. So the distance between the elements is half of that. Let's say the band wavelength is 3cm. This means the distance between the elements is around 1.5cm to 1.73cm. Do note that you don't know the real wavelength the array uses, since 3.75 to 2.5cm covers a wide range, so you can make assumptions anywhere the range of 3.75cm to 2.5cm. There are advantages and tradeoffs for using a longer vs. a shorter band.

S-band is 2 to 4Ghz, which is 15 to 7.5cm. So the distance between the elements would be much wider here than the X-band, from 7.5cm to 3.75cm. If your S-band radar is working at 10cm, the elements should be distanced from each other from 5 to 5.77cm. C-band is 7.5cm to 3.75cm and L-band is 30 to 15cm. VHF is one meter to 10 meters. This is why the longer the wavelength, the larger the arrays or the fewer the elements used. With more distant spacing, the modules can be much larger, and the solid state amp can be bigger and more powerful, as the power of the amp also depends on the size of the die.

The shape and distance between one element to another is optimally the shape of a triangle with each side equally distant at .5 to .577 of the wavelength, and the elements at each point.

The consequences of elements that are too close to each other based on wavelength is called mutual coupling. This means the elements interfere with each other and absorb each other's energy. The consequence of elements that are too far from each other based on wavelength is grating lobes. This creates large grid like secondary lobes that are as strong as the main lobe and takes away energy from the main lobe. Both defeats the efficiency and gain of the array.
 

by78

General
According to an official press release from Nanjing University, CETC 14th Institute tested a superconducting single-photon lidar system based on Nanjing University's research and achieved detection and real-time tracking of small low-altitude targets hundreds of kilometers away. The test was carried out in September, 2020.

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南京大学超导电子学研究所,继2017年将研制的大口径超导阵列单光子探测器应用于空间碎片探测和2019年月地激光测距等骄人成绩后,近日超导阵列单光子探测器再立新功。从中国电科十四所某试验外场传来消息,超导单光子激光雷达系统,实现了对低空大气层中数百公里外目标的实时跟踪探测,展现了超导单光子探测器的强大应用潜力。

由于光子是光的最小能量单元,具备单光子灵敏度的雷达系统可将激光雷达系统的性能发挥到极致。在单光子激光雷达系统的研究上,团队与中国电子科技集团公司第十四研究所携手合作多年。针对低空大气衰减和湍流等复杂环境下,远距离目标高精度探测难题,团队为单光子雷达系统,最新研制了高灵敏、高精度、高速率的超导阵列单光子探测器,并在今年9月的外场试验中,大幅度提高系统灵敏度和抗环境杂散光能力,成功实现了数百公里外移动和固定小目标的实时跟踪探测。图(1)是单光子激光雷达探测170多公里外山峰的三维重构图像。

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图(1).远距离山坡激光雷达图像

超导电子学研究所青年长江学者张蜡宝教授,博士研究课题就是超导单光子探测技术,在吴培亨院士的指导下与团队成员一起攻克了探测器芯片和系统的全部关键技术,于2008年研制出我国第一个超导单光子探测器。经过多年的不懈努力,探测器的性能指标不断提高,从单元器件到阵列芯片,光学口径从9微米到300微米,仪器系统的整体技术水平达到国际先进,部分指标达到国际领先。

2015年以来,针对国家战略需求,与云南天文台等单位合作,将大口径超导阵列单光子探测系统应用到空间碎片的探测研究中,成功探测到2千公里轨道上,0.04平米的空间碎片,填补了我国小空间碎片高精度探测的空白。2017年,利用仪器的光子数分辨功能,通过光子编码技术,大幅度提高了系统的抗背景光干扰能力,解决了复杂气象环境下、长距离目标探测难题。在黄海海域的海面目标探测实验中,实现了70公里范围内的穿透云、雾等测量。2018年Science综述论文(Science 17 Aug 2018: Vol. 361, Issue 6403, eaat2298, DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2298) 在引用中做了这样评述:(该工作)证实在有雾条件下的长距离光子探测的可行性。

2019年,与中山大学等单位合作,首次将高时间精度超导阵列单光子探测器用于40万公里的地月激光测距中,成功测得了月球表面上五组反射镜的回波信号,且精度达到国际先进水平。2020年初,团队与中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院合作,基于该高精度超导单光子探测器研制出近红外二区荧光寿命共聚焦成像系统,首次在近红外二区波段实现三维多色荧光寿命成像。此外,团队研制的超导单光子探测器还在卫星激光测距、量子信息、激光通信等多个领域实现应用。

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图 (2). 南京大学研制阵列超导单光子探测器芯片



A Google translation:
Nanjing University Institute of Superconductor Electronics , following the 2017 Nian the development of large-caliber superconducting array of single photon detection is applied to space debris detection and 2019 Nian month to laser ranging , etc. After remarkable success , recently superconducting array of single photon detection The device makes new achievements . From China Electric Division fourteen a field test came the news , superconducting single-photon laser radar system, realizes the low air atmosphere layers in hundreds of kilometers away goal of real-time tracking detection , showing a superconducting single-photon detection device is powerful Application potential .

Since the photon is the smallest energy unit of light , a radar system with single- photon sensitivity can maximize the performance of the lidar system . In the single-photon laser research radar system, the teams with the China Electronics Technology Group Corporation Fourteenth Research Institute to work together for many years. For low-altitude atmospheric attenuation and turbulence in complex environments such as under , long-range target high-precision detection problem , the team as a single photon radar system, the latest development of the highly sensitive, high-precision, high-speed rate of superconducting single-photon detector array , and this year 9 In the month’s field test , the system’s sensitivity and resistance to environmental stray light were greatly improved, and real-time tracking and detection of small moving and fixed targets hundreds of kilometers away were successfully achieved . Figure (1) is a single photon lidar detection 170A three-dimensional reconstructed image of a mountain many kilometers away .

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Figure (1). Long-distance hillside lidar image

Superconducting Institute of Electronics youth Yangtze River scholar Professor Zhang Bao wax , PhD research is superconducting single-photon detection technology, under the guidance of academician Wu Peiheng with team members together to capture the probe all the chips and systems of key technologies , to 200 8 in developed China's first superconducting single-photon detectors . After years of unremitting efforts , the performance indicators of the detector have been continuously improved. From unit devices to array chips, the optical aperture is from 9 microns to 300 microns. The overall technical level of the instrument system has reached the international advanced level, and some indicators have reached the international advanced level.

201 5 Nian since , for , the national strategic needs in cooperation with the Yunnan Observatory and other units, the large-diameter superconducting array of single photon detection system applied to space debris of detection studies , successfully detected 2 or thousands of kilometers Orbital, 0.04 square meters of space debris , Filling the gap of high-precision detection of small space debris in China . 2017 years, the number of photons using the instrument resolution function, by photon encoding technology, greatly improve the system of anti-background light interference, to solve the environment under complex weather , long-range target detection problem. In the sea surface target detection experiment in the Yellow Sea , measurements of penetrating clouds and fog within a range of 70 kilometers have been achieved . 2018 Nian ScienceThe review paper (Science 17 Aug 2018: Vol. 361, Issue 6403, eaat2298, DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2298) commented in the citation : ( this work ) proved the feasibility of long-distance photon detection under foggy conditions Sex .

2019 years Zhongshan University and other units cooperation, the first time the high precision superconducting array of single photon detection for 40 to January laser ranging thousand kilometers, the success of the echo signal detected five groups had a mirror surface of the moon, and The accuracy has reached the international advanced level. 2020 Nian Chu , the team with the cooperation of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, based on the high-precision superconducting single-photon detector developed a near-infrared fluorescence lifetime II confocal imaging system, the first time three-dimensional multi-color fluorescence in the near infrared band II Lifetime imaging . In addition, the team developed superconducting single-photon detector also satellite laser ranging, quantum information, laser communication fields other applications implemented .

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Figure (2). Array superconducting single photon detector chip developed by Nanjing University

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by78

General
This may be of some relevance here.

A study on anti-stealth radar drones:
- The drones operate cooperatively as a formation, each carrying necessary sensors.
- They are solar-powered, both for the flight systems and the sensor suites. Interestingly, they can also be recharged in-flight using ground based lasers under emergency situations, but this may require that they lower their altitude.
- High endurance.
- The formation is composed of "lead UAVs" and "follower UAVs". The lead UAVs carry
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, and they take care of coordination as well as signal processing.


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by78

General
Some texts on an unknown radar type. If I'm reading this correctly, it operates in the S-band and has 30-kilowatt emissive power. Under ideal operating conditions (i.e. no hostile interference), it can detect targets with a radar cross-section of 0.008m² from 147km away.

@Tam, what do you think? Is this an airborne radar for the AWACS?

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