Chinese Economics Thread
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DUISBURG, Germany -- Suad Durakovic, the owner of a truck driving school on the outskirts of the western German city of Duisburg, made it into Chinese newspapers in 2019 by testifying that Beijing's Belt and Road Initiative had triggered a local logistics industry boom.
Today, his business benefits from a shortage of qualified truckers, but not because of China's global infrastructure development strategy.
"The Silk Road has not developed for us," Durakovic told Nikkei Asia. "First it was COVID, then it was the Ukraine war, so the boom is no longer about Silk Road logistics."
Duisburg, a city of half a million people, is located in Germany's industrial heartland at the junction of the Rhine and Ruhr rivers. A downturn in the country's steel and coal industries in the 1990s and early 2000s battered its economy.
But the city found a savior in Chinese President Xi Jinping, who visited Duisburg in 2014 to officially make its inland port Europe's main Belt and Road hub. While this fueled anticipation of a new heyday, recent events suggest the prospects are dimming.
Much of this stems from the Ukraine war and Germany's awkward relationship with China.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz was the first European leader to visit Beijing since Xi secured a third term as party leader at the Communist Party Congress in October. But German attitudes have soured recently over China's cozy relationship with Russia, Taiwan and human rights, as well as its growing trade deficit with the world's second-biggest economy.
Germany is currently reviewing its relationship with Beijing, with the unveiling of Berlin's
Draft excerpts show lawmakers urging a significantly toughened stance and a reduction of economic reliance on China. The more drastic prescriptions include limiting investment in China and stricter monitoring of companies overdependent on China for business.
German Chancellor Olaf Scholz meets with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Nov. 4, 2022. © AP
Plans were buried in 2021 for a sprawling China business center on the banks of the Rhine, from where hundreds of Chinese companies were meant to grow their European distribution networks.
In November, Duisburg cited China's ties with Russia as a reason for letting expire a memorandum of understanding for a sweeping "smart city" project with Chinese tech giant Huawei.
Russia's sudden reduction of natural gas exports to Germany fueled a notion among German policymakers that it was not a good idea to let critical infrastructure fall into the wrong hands.
Around the same time, it became known that Chinese state-owned Cosco Shipping Holdings had in June quietly returned a 30% stake in a 100 million euro ($108 million) Duisburg port terminal project.
"As state-owned Cosco pulls out, other privately-owned Chinese logistics players stay engaged, which suggests that Cosco pulled out of the port terminal project over political headwinds," said Markus Taube, the University Duisburg-Essen's professor for East Asia economics and China. "That event and the expired Huawei deal nurture doubts among Duisburg's Chinese business community whether Duisburg still is a good place for them to do business."
The mood has certainly changed since 2011, when the first train on the China Railway Express -- an alternative to container shipping -- arrived in Duisburg and opened a new chapter in China-Europe land transportation.
The line constituted a key part of China's efforts to entice electronics-makers to move their manufacturing away from China's coastal provinces to the Chinese inland, where cities are served by the new train services.
Data by Duisport, the port's owner and operator, show that pandemic-related disruptions to maritime trade boosted the Silk Road freight rail business, with the geopolitical upheaval stemming with the Ukraine war causing the opposite.
While the annual number of trains rose by 12% to 2,800 in 2021, bookings dropped by about 30% in the spring of 2022, as businesses that adopted rail freight faced reputational, insurance, sanction and confiscation risks along the Russian route.
In late 2022, a port spokesman told Nikkei Asia that although momentum has since improved, figures remain below pre-pandemic days -- the share of the China-Europe freight rail business in the port's overall turnover is now 3-4%.
Duisburg is home to Europe’s largest inland port. (Photo by Jens Kastner)
Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group (NGC) in 2015 opened its European headquarters in the city for design, testing, maintenance, and refurbishment of gearboxes for wind turbines and industrial equipment. The company cited direct train services between Duisburg and its headquarters in Nanjing as one of the main factors for choosing the city.
But one complaint among opposition Duisburg council members is that Chinese companies are not contributing to the local economy.
Nikkei Asia's research of local trade registers suggests that nearly all of the 100 or so Chinese companies that opened brick-and-mortar presences in Duisburg are engaged in either logistics or cross-border e-commerce. For example, a company with the Germanic-sounding name Hermann Commerce distributes Chinese instant food, soy sauce and food seasonings to more than 20 European countries.
Chinese-owned Lisstec markets a cosmetics brand with the similarly Germanic-sounding name Hermuna, which is pitched as "Made in Germany." But the brand only appears to be available for consumers in China despite the company's Chinese-language Weibo social media account suggesting its products are made in a German factory for sale in German cosmetics stores and pharmacy chain stores.
"The Chinese e-commerce companies that have set up here are not known to be big local job creators or tax contributors," said Sven Benentreu, the deputy chairman of the local chapter of the pro-business Free Democratic Party (FDP), an opposition party in Duisburg.
"We as the FDP appreciate the presence of Chinese companies here, but the strong China focus of the city government is obviously not paying off as expected," he added.
NGC and the other Chinese-owned companies approached by Nikkei Asia for this article either declined to be interviewed or did not return phone calls.
Kai Yu, director of the China Business Network Duisburg, also declined to be interviewed, just saying in November that "the Chinese managers I know are unavailable, because they have already traveled back to China for the Chinese New Year holiday."
China is currently celebrating the lunar new year, two months after Nikkei Asia approached Yu.
Chinese students in Duisburg are also not integrating into the city, local academics say.
About 2,000 Chinese nationals are enrolled at University Duisburg-Essen, the largest intake among German universities, due mainly to a city partnership signed between Duisburg and Wuhan in 1982 that encouraged academic exchanges.
Duisburg's Chinese student population is concentrated in the streets near the university, where there are a handful of Chinese restaurants and shops. Several part-time student restaurant workers said they mainly came from Shandong province under academic exchange arrangements.
"It has always struck me how isolated Duisburg's Chinese student population is compared to those of other Asian countries, with Chinese community groups effectively shielding new arrivals by assisting in all the initial tasks such as arrangement of accommodation," said Antonia Hmaidi, an analyst at the China think tank Merics in Berlin, who previously taught at University Duisburg-Essen.
"China's deteriorating image as an autocratic rival also made China-centered career planning unpopular among German students," she added. "The relationship with China has become more politicized than a few years ago."
"After the German government releases its new China strategy, the overall climate will probably further worsen, which will probably further cool Duisburg's business relationship with China."
Too long. Just glossed over. But these paragraphs got my attention and showed how stupid and hypocritical the article is.
The Chinese students are not immigrants. Integrating into the city is not what foreign students expect to do. It is just logical and sensible for them to stay near their university campus, you know, for ease of commute.
Staying together with their own folks is for safety and convenience. The Chinese students are supporting each other in cold (aka 抱团取暖 in Chinese saying). So it was the locals of Duisburg that should have reflected whether they have provided enough support and kindness to these young coming from China.
What would the author and Mr Hmaidi think of the "German towns" and "German districts" in North America? Are these German emigrants "isolated" and "not integrating into the city"?
And assisting new comers to settle down has become a sin in Germany?
You didn't miss much, just Europeons speedrunning deindustrialization and poverty.
Sollen die verrecken und an ihrer Armut ersticken, Duisburg letztes Drecksloch im Ruhrpott, Hauptbahnhof sieht immer noch aus wie ein Bordell für Aids-Kranke.
escobar
Brigadier
China’s “Small is Beautiful” shift favors smaller projects, both in financial value and geographic size. The 1st 5 years of BRI (2013-2017) brought larger projects, but recent projects have returned to more targeted support.
Good points here about China's holding of US debts. They still have just too much of it. A country as large as China unfortunately do need to hold some US assets to be able to defend its currencies, but $3 trillion is just too much (probably $1 trillion in treasuries and remaining $2 trillion in other bonds). If the Russian sanctions have taught them anything, it would be that American can confiscate that money at any time. Keep buying gold and other tangible assets. That's the only way to go.
This guy spent all last year claiming that Ukraine had permanently changed the calculus on China, and investors were never going to invest in China ever again.
Those yellow inflows were supposed to turn into large, never-ending negative outflows.
Looks like China failed to collapse, yet again.
