Not saying this will be impossible or will never happen, but that kind of towed sonar adaptation could be the most difficult conversion for merchant vessels given how noisy they are. Even purpose built military vessels like the Freedom class ships designed in part for anti submarine warfare failed at getting dedicated modules because they were more noisy than destroyers.Which means theres a good chance there are ASW modules too, i.e. ASW containers with towed/variable depth sonar, containerized torpedo/UUV launchers, drone helicopter in containers with dipping sonars. Those can all arguably be much easier to hide than EMAL on deck or radar arrays.
The ability to put full ASW suite on hundreds or even thousands of cargo ship, big and small, with cargo ship acustic profiles and visually indistinguishable from an unarmed ship, is a nightmare scenerio for US subs that has even greater implications than destroyer or EMAL drone carrier configurations.
I agree with your third point about dipped sonars, as the only feasible way I can see merchant vessels getting anti submarine warfare capability would be through installing proper helicopter maintenance facilities or at bare minimum large helicopter drones. That presents a lot of potential for sure but also significantly ups the number of actual military naval personnel required to be stationed on a relatively poorly defended vessel.



