Awesome video and photos of Starship splashing down in the ocean from SpaceX!
If NASA were doing this, they would spend tens of millions of dollars planning a redundant autonomous vehicle with a dedicated link.ok, that was funny.
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I don't understand the reasons for disparaging SpaceX. Starship is a much more complex, comprehensive, and ambitious project than the Saturn V, and you know that. Just because SpaceX is SpaceX shouldn't be a reason to disparage it, because what they've already done for the aerospace industry is already history, while everyone else is still trying to do what they did 10 years ago.Compare with the Saturn V. Which worked right first time and every time. This was the ninth flight.
one guy got a head start on a task, find the solution by brute force and became the first.I don't understand the reasons for disparaging SpaceX. Starship is a much more complex, comprehensive, and ambitious project than the Saturn V, and you know that. Just because SpaceX is SpaceX shouldn't be a reason to disparage it, because what they've already done for the aerospace industry is already history, while everyone else is still trying to do what they did 10 years ago.
NASA advances lunar nuclear plan with commercial focus
by Jeff Foust
September 2, 2025
Lockheed Martin's concept for a fission surface power (FSP) system on the surface of the moon. Credit: Lockheed Martin
WASHINGTON — NASA is moving ahead with plans to support development of a lunar nuclear power system with an emphasis on commercialization.
On Aug. 29, the agency released a draft Announcement for Partnership Proposals, or AFPP, for its Fission Surface Power initiative to gather industry input for the final version.
The AFPP is designed to implement a policy directive signed July 31 by Acting Administrator Sean Duffy that seeks to accelerate work on nuclear power systems for the moon. The directive calls for a reactor capable of producing at least 100 kilowatts of power that would be ready for launch by the end of 2029.
NASA plans to pursue the effort through public-private partnerships using funded Space Act Agreements. While the directive called for selecting two companies, the draft AFPP states NASA can choose “one, multiple or none” of the proposals.
The draft provides few new details about NASA’s requirements. One, restated from the directive, is that the system use a closed Brayton cycle power conversion system — a signal, industry officials said, that NASA wants the technology to scale to higher-power systems.
The reactor would operate in the lunar south polar region for at least 10 years. A cover letter accompanying the draft seeks input on issues including cybersecurity, physical security and reactor fuel.
Under the Space Act Agreement structure, the company would own the reactor and sell power to NASA and other customers. The AFPP requires proposers to submit a financing plan “showing how cash from operations, financing, and NASA covers the expenses of the total end-to-end deployment of the FSP system.”
Proposers must also provide a “Commercial Lunar Power Business Plan” outlining the strategy, potential customers and market size. “The market should include or leverage customers other than NASA,” the draft states.
That approach also extends to delivery. Companies may propose that NASA land the reactor on the moon, if it weighs no more than 15,000 kilograms. But the AFPP says companies “that propose a wholly commercial approach to the end-to-end deployment, all other things being equal, will receive higher-rated proposal evaluations.”
The draft does not state how much funding NASA expects to provide but says the final version, due no later than Oct. 3, will include that information. Awards are expected by March 2026.
The directive followed a report commissioned by the Idaho National Laboratory that recommended accelerating space nuclear power development. One option in that report called for building a reactor of at least 100 kilowatts through traditional contracts; another proposed public-private partnerships for reactors of 10 to 100 kilowatts.
NASA’s blended approach is a “risky combination,” said Bhavya Lal, a former NASA associate administrator for technology, policy and strategy and a co-author of the report, in a SpaceNews webinar Aug. 28.
“It means doing a whole lot of first-of-its-kind things at once,” she said, from reactor design to a launch authorization process that has never been used.
What is helping the initiative, she said, is “a new sense of strategic urgency,” citing Chinese and Russian proposals for a megawatt-class lunar reactor. “This urgency is what finally makes space nuclear real because it turns what used to be a discretionary technology into a strategic imperative.”
“For me,” she said, “success is a commercial space nuclear sector that endures.”
US scientists say pursuit of long-term human missions to the moon hampered by budget cuts to bioregenerative technologies.
“Now on the verge of returning to the moon, Nasa needs to develop the critical capabilities required to build and operate a lunar outpost,” the team said in a paper published in the peer-reviewed journal npj Microgravity on August 16. The paper was written by researchers from Purdue University, Northeastern University, Utah State University, the University of Utah, and Nasa’s Kennedy Space Centre and Ames Research Centre.
Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) – or artificial ecosystems that leverage biological organisms to recycle and generate resources like oxygen, food and water – offer a better solution for long-term human missions in deep space. These systems, also referred to as BLiSS, use plants, animals and microorganisms to create a sustainable, closed-loop environment that can provide essential survival needs such as food and waste management.
“The lack of availability of BLiSS technologies and systems – both at the governmental and commercial levels – currently limits the objectives of human-crewed lunar exploration programmes,” the team wrote.
Porterfield said that the US had the “completely wrong model for how we need to go to space”, with a focus on being a logistics transporter rather than a logistics provider.
A bioregenerative approach was the focus of earlier Nasa research, including the development of sustainable agricultural systems for space exploration in the 1990s, which helped to birth the controlled environment agriculture industry.
That next phase for Nasa was the Bioregenerative Planetary Life Support Systems Test Complex (BIO-Plex), a facility which aimed to evaluate life support systems that could supply food, water and a breathable atmosphere for future space missions.
In 2004, it was discontinued and physically demolished after a large-scale study led to budget cuts and a shift in research priorities, the team said. “The budgets for Nasa to develop these bioregenerative technologies were cut and never restored,” Porterfield said. Remaining bioregenerative technologies research is now facing further funding cuts under the Trump administration’s 2026 budget, he added.
While US support for bioregenerative life support research waned after the early 2000s, the team said that this research had been “embraced and advanced” by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) over the past two decades.
The team said that published BIO-Plex plans “supported CNSA’s efforts to swiftly establish a bioregenerative habitat technology programme for an operational human lunar outpost and, subsequently, to demonstrate its viability”.
The Lunar Palace 1 at Beihang University in Beijing is China’s first integrated experimental facility for a permanent artificial closed ecosystem life support system, which includes cabins for vegetation, facilities for waste disposal, dining and bedrooms, according to the university.
“Besides the Chinese efforts, there are currently no other official programmes pursuing a fully integrated, closed-loop bioregenerative architecture for establishing lunar or Martian habitats, or even for sustaining long-term human presence in space,” the researchers said.
They added that recently published plans from CNSA showed that the country “has surpassed the US and its allies in both scale and preeminence of these emerging efforts and technologies, especially as compared to Nasa’s current programmes”.
“In stark contrast to the thriving Chinese programme, these key advances and shown BLiSS capabilities have not been addressed by the American programme, which does not currently include plans to rebuild the Nasa programmes cancelled in 2004,” the team said.
“The US space programme, therefore, faces a multi-year challenge merely to revive and rebuild the required facilities and infrastructure.”
The Nasa Artemis programme aims to set up an orbiting outpost around the moon, called the Lunar Gateway, which could serve as a short-term stopping point for lunar and other deep space missions.
Despite the developmental challenges bioregenerative life support systems have faced in the US, there is still research being conducted in this field, including by private companies and through collaborations with international partners like the European Space Agency. Porterfield said that people were hoping for a larger initiative or mission to do this work, but it had never been “moved to that level of priority”.
One of the challenges scientific societies are facing in the US is talking to Congress about why funding should not be cut for this research. This was because many members “believe that all the issues related to biological systems in space and human space flight have been completely solved”, Porterfield said.
He said there was also the issue of the split between the moon and Mars programmes, as there was a large push for a Mars landing mission.
To patch this critical gap in the US space programme, the research team recommended that a “protoflight” BLiSS test facility be set up and remain fully operational for a full year before establishing a lunar outpost.
The team also recommended developing an “omics” platform, integrating elements like precision agriculture and personalised medicine, and conducting more experiments on the impact of microgravity and radiation on the biological elements of a life support system.
Porterfield said the remaining gaps in technology for space exploration “really are biological gaps”, and this technology was the same kind needed for a sustainable future on Earth.
“We’re never going to be able to leave the Earth until we learn to protect it by developing these technologies that will actually enable us to live off-planet, and enable us to live on-planet too.”