Earlier this year, two Japanese scholars were fined a total of 80,000 yuan (10,000 U.S. dollars) and deported for collecting materials and coordinates of an airport and water facilities in the western Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
The scholars arrived in Beijing in September, 2005, with a Japanese tour group. They broke away from the group a week later and hired two translators in Hetian, a southern prefecture in Xinjiang.
They set up a Global Positioning System (GPS) on the roof of a local family, acquaintances of one of the translators, and collected geographical coordinates of the Hetian airport, water facilities and highways.
According to the Xinjiang Surveying and Mapping Bureau, the equipment the two Japanese scholars used maps data to within 20 centimeters, exact enough for military use.
The two scholars, who worked for the Japanese geographical survey intelligence institute, were on an ecological research program with Xinjiang University but the permission paper expired in 2001.