China Ballistic Missiles and Nuclear Arms Thread
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From Jane's,
US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test
"It is likely that the DF-ZF test vehicle is being launched by a booster based on the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) DF-21 medium-range ballistic missile and could arm a future version of this missile. However, it could also arm a version of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) DF-26. Both the DF-21 and DF-26 use 'first-generation' warheads that could be succeeded by a more manoeuvrable DF-ZF-based hypersonic warhead."
ASHGV........
US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test
"It is likely that the DF-ZF test vehicle is being launched by a booster based on the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) DF-21 medium-range ballistic missile and could arm a future version of this missile. However, it could also arm a version of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) DF-26. Both the DF-21 and DF-26 use 'first-generation' warheads that could be succeeded by a more manoeuvrable DF-ZF-based hypersonic warhead."
ASHGV........
From the 2 comments of "China Lee" under the Jane's article,
"There are five levels of thermonuclear warhead technology.
1. Single thermonuclear warhead. China's DF-5A is currently the world's largest at five megatons.
2. MIRVs (multiple warheads)
3. MARVs (maneuverable multiple warheads)
4. AMaRVs (advanced maneuverable multiple warheads)
5. DF-ZF (aka Wu-14) hypersonic glide vehicle resembles an AMaRV with a range of thousands of miles
Have you heard of AMaRV? It can perform a hairpin turn (see photo below). The US tested three AMaRVs around 1980. It is logical to expect China to develop its own AMaRVs.
Source: (p. 4)
"Flight test of the Advanced Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle in early 1980. The path of the reentry vehicle is the upper streak of light, with the booster tanks immediately below. Lights from the Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific can be seen in the lower right corner. (U.S. Air Force)"
Remember the picture of the AMaRV (ie. Advanced Maneuverable Re-entry Vehicle) that I posted previously? A Chinese DF-41 ICBM can carry 10 AMaRVs. AMaRVs can flatten out its trajectory to evade missile defense. However, an AMaRV is limited by the general ballistic flight path of an ICBM. In other words, if a defensive tactical thermonuclear warhead reaches the AMaRV before the fins are deployed then it can be stopped. Thus, an AMaRV is limited by a small radius.
The earlier that an AMaRV's steering fins are deployed, the sooner it starts slowing down due to friction. This means an AMaRV will not deploy its steering fins until the last minute.
A Chinese DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) is like an AMaRV on steroids. A DF-ZF can maintain hypersonic speeds (somewhere between Mach 5 to Mach 10) for thousands of miles. This means a thermonuclear-armed Chinese DF-ZF is unstoppable. The defender is helpless as a barrage of DF-ZF HGVs glide hypersonically to their targets.
A DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle cannot be stopped by a laser. There are two reasons. Firstly, a laser has a limited range of a few miles in the dense lower atmosphere. The energy is bled away when the air molecules are lased and starts rising. Cooler air molecules take their place and keeps bleeding away the energy.
Secondly, a DF-ZF HGV travels hypersonically. This means it has a glowing plasma sheath. The plasma sheath is comprised of ionized particles that will keep dispersing a laser due to chaotic refraction caused by differing density (which continuously fluctuates due to temperature variation and air flow throughout the plasma sheath and layer density variations dependent on the distance from the surface of the warhead). Also, the gas atoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and others) will disperse the laser light energy in different directions. This makes it impossible to focus the laser light energy on one spot to burn through the warhead.
On an unrelated matter, Chinese scientists recently theorized that it is possible to communicate through a plasma sheath by using the plasma sheath as part of the antenna circuit. It's a very clever idea. In the past, everyone has been trying to brute force it and punch through the plasma sheath. Instead, the Chinese scientists decided to co-opt the plasma sheath for communication. This is a new idea that no one had thought of before.
"
"There are five levels of thermonuclear warhead technology.
1. Single thermonuclear warhead. China's DF-5A is currently the world's largest at five megatons.
2. MIRVs (multiple warheads)
3. MARVs (maneuverable multiple warheads)
4. AMaRVs (advanced maneuverable multiple warheads)
5. DF-ZF (aka Wu-14) hypersonic glide vehicle resembles an AMaRV with a range of thousands of miles
Have you heard of AMaRV? It can perform a hairpin turn (see photo below). The US tested three AMaRVs around 1980. It is logical to expect China to develop its own AMaRVs.
Source: (p. 4)
"Flight test of the Advanced Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle in early 1980. The path of the reentry vehicle is the upper streak of light, with the booster tanks immediately below. Lights from the Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific can be seen in the lower right corner. (U.S. Air Force)"
Remember the picture of the AMaRV (ie. Advanced Maneuverable Re-entry Vehicle) that I posted previously? A Chinese DF-41 ICBM can carry 10 AMaRVs. AMaRVs can flatten out its trajectory to evade missile defense. However, an AMaRV is limited by the general ballistic flight path of an ICBM. In other words, if a defensive tactical thermonuclear warhead reaches the AMaRV before the fins are deployed then it can be stopped. Thus, an AMaRV is limited by a small radius.
The earlier that an AMaRV's steering fins are deployed, the sooner it starts slowing down due to friction. This means an AMaRV will not deploy its steering fins until the last minute.
A Chinese DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) is like an AMaRV on steroids. A DF-ZF can maintain hypersonic speeds (somewhere between Mach 5 to Mach 10) for thousands of miles. This means a thermonuclear-armed Chinese DF-ZF is unstoppable. The defender is helpless as a barrage of DF-ZF HGVs glide hypersonically to their targets.
A DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle cannot be stopped by a laser. There are two reasons. Firstly, a laser has a limited range of a few miles in the dense lower atmosphere. The energy is bled away when the air molecules are lased and starts rising. Cooler air molecules take their place and keeps bleeding away the energy.
Secondly, a DF-ZF HGV travels hypersonically. This means it has a glowing plasma sheath. The plasma sheath is comprised of ionized particles that will keep dispersing a laser due to chaotic refraction caused by differing density (which continuously fluctuates due to temperature variation and air flow throughout the plasma sheath and layer density variations dependent on the distance from the surface of the warhead). Also, the gas atoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and others) will disperse the laser light energy in different directions. This makes it impossible to focus the laser light energy on one spot to burn through the warhead.
On an unrelated matter, Chinese scientists recently theorized that it is possible to communicate through a plasma sheath by using the plasma sheath as part of the antenna circuit. It's a very clever idea. In the past, everyone has been trying to brute force it and punch through the plasma sheath. Instead, the Chinese scientists decided to co-opt the plasma sheath for communication. This is a new idea that no one had thought of before.
"
A matching approach to communicate through the plasma sheath surrounding a hypersonic vehicle
Xiaotian Gao (高孝天 ) and Binhao Jiang (江滨浩 )
J. Appl. Phys. 117, 233301 (2015)
In order to overcome the communication blackout problem suffered by hypersonic vehicles, a matching approach has been proposed for the first time in this paper. It utilizes a double-positive (DPS) material layer surrounding a hypersonic vehicle antenna to match with the plasma sheath enclosing the vehicle. Analytical analysis and numerical results indicate a resonance between the matched layer and the plasma sheath will be formed to mitigate the blackout problem in some conditions. The calculated results present a perfect radiated performance of the antenna, when the match is exactly built between these two layers. The effects of the parameters of the plasma sheath have been researched by numerical methods. Based on these results, the proposed approach is easier to realize and more flexible to the varying radiated conditions in hypersonic flight comparing with other methods.
Received 10 December 2014 Accepted 15 May 2015 Published online 16 June 2015
I have to wonder if the above were a known approach in the military circles, otherwise, why would this be published?
Xiaotian Gao (高孝天 ) and Binhao Jiang (江滨浩 )
J. Appl. Phys. 117, 233301 (2015)
In order to overcome the communication blackout problem suffered by hypersonic vehicles, a matching approach has been proposed for the first time in this paper. It utilizes a double-positive (DPS) material layer surrounding a hypersonic vehicle antenna to match with the plasma sheath enclosing the vehicle. Analytical analysis and numerical results indicate a resonance between the matched layer and the plasma sheath will be formed to mitigate the blackout problem in some conditions. The calculated results present a perfect radiated performance of the antenna, when the match is exactly built between these two layers. The effects of the parameters of the plasma sheath have been researched by numerical methods. Based on these results, the proposed approach is easier to realize and more flexible to the varying radiated conditions in hypersonic flight comparing with other methods.
Received 10 December 2014 Accepted 15 May 2015 Published online 16 June 2015
I have to wonder if the above were a known approach in the military circles, otherwise, why would this be published?
Hendrik_2000
Lieutenant General
Hypersonic missile and AMARV is not the same thing MARV and AMARV still depend on parabolic flight and as such is susceptible to counter measure at the mid flight phase when missile is most vulnerable
But Hypersonic missile fly at much more flatter trajectory plus if need be can skip in and out of the Atmosphere as Dr Zhen Xueshan proposed many years ago. Anyway Here is and excellent article about why China develop DF 26 it one scary missile highly survivable and has the range to reach Guam, Australia etc
It is a long article I only copy the excerpt Here is the source
Any one contemplating 1st strike should think twice because China has counter strike capability that is mobile, highly survivable and dual warhead
Compared with silo launched and site launched ballistic missiles, another distinct characteristic of the DF-26 is that it can be launched on the move with no support. Land-based mobile launches in the past, whether with movement by rail or by road, all required a launch site prepared in advance. Although movement over a large area could be accomplished before or during a war, the destination of the move was always a prepared launch site. Because prepared launch sites are limited in number and easily exposed, destruction of a launch site could result in the bad situation of having missiles but not being able to launch them. Also, that sort of missile requires quite a lot of time to set up and get ready in a prepared launch site, which puts it at a great disadvantage against an encroaching enemy with strong mobility and a fast tempo of operation in its “combat chain.”
而东风-26的无依托机动发射，既有高度机动性，又对发射阵地没有严格要求，既有利于导弹力量隐蔽机动、全域机动，又有利于作战单元快速展开、快速 发射、快速转移，使导弹力量的生存能力和打击能力得到同步提高。尤其是对水面舰船这类时敏目标，一旦捕捉其机动信息即可临机打击，使其“避而不及”。
But the DF-26 does not rely on a site for mobile launching. It can move fast, and it has no strict demands for where it is launched. So that is helpful to movement of missile forces all over and in concealment, and it is helpful to the rapid deployment, rapid launch, and rapid displacement of combat elements. That means a boost to the missile force’s survivability and to its attack ability. Against time-sensitive targets such as surface ships in particular, it [the DF-26] can attack at the last minute as soon as information on a ship’s movement is acquired, meaning the ship cannot get away.
以快制慢，是现代一体化联合作战基本制胜机理之一。东风-26所具有的快速核常转换、快速公路机动、快速发射准备、快速转移脱离等诸多“快字当先”性能，适应的正是这一机理。也正是这样，它更有威慑力、实战力。
Using speed to get the upper hand is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which to secure victory in modern integrated joint operations. The DF-26 has numerous “fast” features such as fast switch between nuclear and conventional, fast road movement, fast launch preparation, and fast displacement and withdrawal. Those features suit that mechanism for victory. And because of that, the DF-26 has greater deterrence and real-war power.
固体推进，模块设计
Solid Propulsion, Modular Design
东风-26之所以具备诸多“快字当先”“灵活机动”的性能，是因为它大量采用了能予支撑的新科技。
The reason the DF-26 has those “fast” and “flexible mobility” features is due to a lot of new scientific and technological support.
第一是固体推进。液体和固体，是现有的两种导弹推进剂。液体推进剂的生产、储备技术较成熟，多用于战略战役弹道导弹。但液体推进剂腐蚀性强，不适宜 长期保存于弹体。因而该类导弹需依托相应阵地在发射前加注，这样它的发射保障相对复杂、准备周期相对较长。虽然固体推进剂的加工生产工艺要求高，但成品可 预装于弹体，从而简化发射准备，仅依托简易阵地或不依托阵地就可发射，使技术状态完好的导弹具有较长的战备期。
First is solid propulsion. Liquid and solid are the two forms of missile propellant currently in use. The technology for producing and storing liquid propellant is more mature. Liquid propellant is used more for strategic and campaign ballistic missiles. But liquid propellant is very corrosive, and not suitable for keeping in a missile body for a long time. A liquid propellant missile relies on a site for pre-launch fueling, so a liquid propellant missile requires more complicated support and a longer preparation time. Although the industrial technique of processing and producing solid propellant involves strict demands, the resulting product can be preloaded into a missile body. That simplifies launch preparation, and launch can take place in either a hastily prepared site or with no site at all. That means a missile in good technical condition stays combat ready for longer.
第二是模块设计。东风-26是东风系列导弹的新型衍生品。除适应现代战争需要对弹头载体、推进系统、制导系统等进行了整体优化，还着眼提高可靠性、 维修性、保障性等，对导弹结构进行了模块化设计。较突出的就是一个运载体可适配多种战斗部。既包括核常两种弹头，也包括以不同毁伤机理打击特定目标的多种 常规弹头。如对机场、港口等面状目标进行毁伤的侵彻弹，对掩体、洞库等坚固目标进行毁伤的穿爆弹，对指挥机构、计算中心等电磁目标进行毁伤的云爆弹等。这 样的“一体多弹”，使东风-26能对多种目标实施中远程精确打击。
Second is modular design. The DF-26 is a new derivative of the Dongfeng series of missiles. Apart from overall optimization of the warhead and carrier, the propulsion system, and the guidance system to meet the demands of modern warfare, emphasis was put on improving reliability, maintainability, and supportability, with a modular design of the missile’s structure. Significant is a carrier to which several types of warhead can be fitted, including two types of nuclear warhead and several types of conventional warhead which use different destructive mechanisms to attack specific targets. For example, penetration warheads would be used to damage area type targets such as airfields and ports, piercing and exploding warheads would be used to destroy hardened targets such as bunkers and cave depots, and fuel-air explosive warheads would be used against electromagnetic targets such as command organizations and computer centers. Such a “one carrier, many warheads” design enables the DF-26 to execute long and medium-range precise strikes against many kinds of targets.
以攻助防，应对挑战
Use Offense to Assist Defense, Meet Challenges
随着反识别、反拦截和高集成等技术发展，战略战役战术导弹的机动性、突防性、精确性普遍提高。通过技术升级和融入一体化联合作战网络信息体系，东风-26的综合战技性能不断提高，堪当“以攻助防、应对挑战”的重器。
With the development of anti-identification, anti-interception, and highly integrated technology, the mobility, the ability to penetrate defenses, and the precision of strategic, campaign, and tactical missiles have all improved. By way of technical upgrades and merging into integrated, joint operations networked information systems, the DF-26’s overall tactical and technical performance has continually improved to where it can be considered a prized possession that “uses offense to assist defense, meets challenges.”
刚刚闭幕的十八届五中全会指出：和平与发展仍是时代主题；中国仍处大有作为的战略机遇期；中国将一如既往致力于世界和平与发展，坚持走和平发展的道路不动摇。但世界上特别是亚太地区的一些“异动”，也确需引起我们高度注意。
The 5th Plenary Session of the 18th Party Central Committee which just concluded pointed out that: peace and development are still the main themes of these times; China remains in an era of strategic opportunity with great prospects; and China will as in the past exert effort on world peace and development and unwaveringly follow the path of peaceful development. But certain “unusual moves” in the world, and in the Asia-Pacific region in particular, merit our close attention.
近年来，随着美国提出“亚太再平衡”和“空海一体战”，不但“有说”还“有做”，这使得域内安全对话和磋商一再被“搅局”。一些国家不顾中国为亚太 安全与发展所作的巨大努力和贡献，变着花样、反反复复炒作“中国威胁论”，甚至不顾中国政府和人民强烈反对，蓄意制造了南海“仲裁”和“巡航”等闹剧。这 些由“动口”向“动手”的新变化，不仅挑战中国领土和主权安全，还向中国社会输出了“负情绪”。
In recent years, with the “Asia-Pacific rebalancing” and “Air-Sea Integrated Battle” of the United States, not just talk but also action has repeatedly upset dialogue and consultation on the security of the region. Certain countries take no notice of the huge effort and contributions China has put forth for Asia-Pacific security and development. They conjure up tricks, and repeatedly hype “the China threat.” They even ignore the strong opposition by the Chinese Government and people, and deliberately cook up farcical “arbitration” and “cruising” in the South China Sea. Those new changes from talk to action not only challenge the security of China’s territory and sovereignty, they have also exported a “negative mood” to Chinese society.
虽然美国为平衡军种利争、弱化“热战”色彩、降低“对冲”风险、谋取“道义”加分等，对“空海一体战”予以“全球公域介入与机动联合”的包装，但综 合信息显示，其“基于热战”“分化地区”“破坏稳定”等原构想和计划并未实质性改变。反而以“维护地区安全与和平”“保证公域航行权不被改变”等为旗号， 加紧推进了相应准备。比如，五角大楼正将航母、核潜艇、巡洋舰、驱逐舰、濒海战斗舰等60%的海军兵力调整部署到亚太，整合海基、空基、天基等力量构建 “联合打击特遣队”；既用政治胁迫、经济拉拢、外交施压等手段巩固原有军事联盟，还以军援、联演等方式威逼利诱一些国家成为军事联盟准成员。
Although the United States has repackaged “Air-Sea Integrated Battle” as a “Joint Concept for Access and Maneuver in the Global Commons” in order to balance the competing interests of the services, weaken the “hot war” flavor, lower the risk of “clashes,” and seek extra credit for “morality,” the overall message shows that its original concept and plan, “based on hot war,” “split the region,” and “disrupt stability,” is essentially unchanged. On the contrary, it has stepped up relevant preparations under the flag of “protecting regional security and peace” and “ensuring that the communal right of navigation is not changed.” For example, the Pentagon is making adjustments which will have 60% of its naval forces, including aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, cruisers, destroyers, and coastal warships deployed in the Asia-Pacific region, and bring together sea-based, air-based, and space-based forces as “joint strike task
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SinoSoldier
Colonel
Newly-spotted Chinese early-warning radar:
Design of flight control system for a Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle based on nonlinear disturbance observer
Chengshan Qian, Flight Control Res. Center, Southeast Univ., Nanjing, China
Changyin Sun ; Yiqing Huang ; Chaoxu Mu ; Jingmei Zhang ; Ruimin Zhang
Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle (HGV) is a new class of hypersonic glider being developed. This paper designs a flight control system for a Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle based on nonlinear disturbance observers. Firstly, a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is used to estimate the unknown disturbances; the influence of disturbances is estimated by the NDO. Secondly, the NDO is integrated with a conventional sliding mode controller to compensate the influence of disturbances based on the estimate. Stability of the composite closed-loop system is provided using Lyapunov theory. Finally, simulation results present that the flight control system for the HGV achieves excellent results.
Published in: Control and Automation (ICCA), 2013 10th IEEE International Conference on 12-14 June 2013
Flight control system for a Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle (above) plus a matching approach to communicate through the plasma sheath (message # 1507)........
And we have a remotely-steerable warhead with an arbitrarily-evasive trajectory flying near Mach 10. Try intercepting this baby.
Chengshan Qian, Flight Control Res. Center, Southeast Univ., Nanjing, China
Changyin Sun ; Yiqing Huang ; Chaoxu Mu ; Jingmei Zhang ; Ruimin Zhang
Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle (HGV) is a new class of hypersonic glider being developed. This paper designs a flight control system for a Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle based on nonlinear disturbance observers. Firstly, a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is used to estimate the unknown disturbances; the influence of disturbances is estimated by the NDO. Secondly, the NDO is integrated with a conventional sliding mode controller to compensate the influence of disturbances based on the estimate. Stability of the composite closed-loop system is provided using Lyapunov theory. Finally, simulation results present that the flight control system for the HGV achieves excellent results.
Published in: Control and Automation (ICCA), 2013 10th IEEE International Conference on 12-14 June 2013
Flight control system for a Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle (above) plus a matching approach to communicate through the plasma sheath (message # 1507)........
And we have a remotely-steerable warhead with an arbitrarily-evasive trajectory flying near Mach 10. Try intercepting this baby.
苏-35战机交易也让俄罗斯获益匪浅。现金不足的俄罗斯得到了它急需的资金，可能有助于减轻俄国内外不断增加的开支压力。莫斯科将先进的S- 400防空导弹系统出口给中国的决定所带来的资金转移已经使之受益。中国媒体报道显示，北京现在迫切要获得俄罗斯“拉达”级潜艇上使用的技术。
报道称，观察家们说，随着与华盛顿的紧张关系加剧，俄罗斯人的兴趣集中于获得中国正在研发的高超音速滑翔飞行器技术。中国去年对WU-14高超音速滑翔飞行器进行了测试。俄罗斯媒体披露，由洲际弹道导弹发射的WU-14在高层大气中与导弹分离，然后以可能相当于10倍音速的速度滑翔俯冲向地球，一小时可飞行1.28万公里，足以突破现有的反导防御系统。
Article said Russia is interested in China's WU14 hypersonic technology.
How about Russia's latest SSN Yasen tech trade for China's WU14 tech?
报道称，观察家们说，随着与华盛顿的紧张关系加剧，俄罗斯人的兴趣集中于获得中国正在研发的高超音速滑翔飞行器技术。中国去年对WU-14高超音速滑翔飞行器进行了测试。俄罗斯媒体披露，由洲际弹道导弹发射的WU-14在高层大气中与导弹分离，然后以可能相当于10倍音速的速度滑翔俯冲向地球，一小时可飞行1.28万公里，足以突破现有的反导防御系统。
Article said Russia is interested in China's WU14 hypersonic technology.
How about Russia's latest SSN Yasen tech trade for China's WU14 tech?
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