Natural Resources are not effectively finite. Do you even know how big this world is? Effective Natural resources are directly a result of technological progress. US was a huge net oil importer until it developed the tech for shale oil revolution. Hydrocarbons didn't exist as a natural resource category until oil was discovered, exploited, and its uses recognized. Rare Earths were not even known until the late 19th century.
With just the desert area in Northern China, China could generate so much green hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia that it can become an energy superpower, meet all its domestic demands for hydrocarbons, as well as be a net energy exporter.
Today, mining in deep sea or in earth's crust is mostly infeasible, but if the technology is in place, the amount of resources available below the earth's crust is incredibly vast.
If you have enough cheap electricity, you can literally create hydrocarbons from air. So nuclear fusion can possibly completely change the equation of hydrocarbon generation.
Beyond that natural resource prices are infact not increasing. Oil is at 60 usd per barrel, accounting for inflation, its the cheapest since Covid, and way lower that the height of 120 usd it reached earlier.
It is absolutely incorrect to state that money is primarily a claim on natural resources, if that was the case, natural resource rich countries would never have had a currency crisis. Think Argentina, Zimbabwe etc.