Type 81 Preformance

[Kampfwagen]

Hey there. I have lately been trying to learn more about the Type 81 Assault Rifle, for more through comparisons between other rifles of it's Ilk (Like the AK-47 and FAL rifles, 7.62MM rifles generaly.) but I have only been able to find vague descriptions and a somewhat untrustworthy example on this site (not to knock the site though). With performance capabiltes in comparison to the T-56 Assault Rifle, which is regarded by many to be an inferior rifle, especialy compared to other AK varieties. It is sort of like saying the latest in automobile technology is good, then comparing it to a Pinto. It is just too wide a preformance gap for me to get a good idea as to how well the rifle preforms. Also, I dont really see anything that states what potential flaws with the rifle are. I dont see anything concerning reliability other than vague generalizations.

Dont get me wrong. From what I can see, the T-81 looks like it is a superior weapon when compared to AK series rifles in terms of acuracy (though the egronomics and sighting could probably improve.) and it is probably more than adequite in reliability. But some more details would be nice, if they can be provided, so I can paint a better picture of just how well the rifle preforms.

[darth sidious]

Hey there. I have lately been trying to learn more about the Type 81 Assault Rifle, for more through comparisons between other rifles of it's Ilk (Like the AK-47 and FAL rifles, 7.62MM rifles generaly.) but I have only been able to find vague descriptions and a somewhat untrustworthy example on this site (not to knock the site though). With performance capabiltes in comparison to the T-56 Assault Rifle, which is regarded by many to be an inferior rifle, especialy compared to other AK varieties. It is sort of like saying the latest in automobile technology is good, then comparing it to a Pinto. It is just too wide a preformance gap for me to get a good idea as to how well the rifle preforms. Also, I dont really see anything that states what potential flaws with the rifle are. I dont see anything concerning reliability other than vague generalizations.

Dont get me wrong. From what I can see, the T-81 looks like it is a superior weapon when compared to AK series rifles in terms of acuracy (though the egronomics and sighting could probably improve.) and it is probably more than adequite in reliability. But some more details would be nice, if they can be provided, so I can paint a better picture of just how well the rifle preforms.

the confidence aminly steems from the sino vietnam war in 1984 chinese troops armed with 81 rifle displayed better accuracy then their VC counterpart
wile retining the same relibility of the ak-47( note type 56 may over heat and require more maintiance then AK because of a lack of chrome in the chinese barrel it also heavier due to milled componets and a steel magzine)

type 81 incorpates stepd parts to reduce weight and increase production(learn from albania when chinese discovered tooling for the AKM there)
however wooden stocked versions may break easily hence most are type91-2 with folding stock

[Red Guard]

i like the original type 81 with wood stock better. it looks so manly.......i think the best looking rifle is type 81 in the service.

[lookandsay]

i like the original type 81 with wood stock better. it looks so manly.......i think the best looking rifle is type 81 in the service.
though i don't know what they are talking about, but i sustain you.
can you explain the rifle 'AK-47 'is the topic about '81'????

[Gollevainen]

What i've seen about the Type 81, it seems that inside the weapon is very similar to standart Kalashnikovik. Tough the pics i've seen were taken bit too far so that more closer inspection would be possiple. But the general operation system remains the same. And if we are to belive the high praises that the gun have had, like improved accuracy, then the gun must be outstanding.
The accuracy default said to proplems the kalashnikoviks seems to me bit farfetched. I mean how sharp does assaultrifle distributed to general troops has to be? I can hit mans head size target from 150m with kalashnikovik and i think thats enough accuracy you need in combat enviroments. Ranges exiding that requires snipers anyways.

But if this "default" is improved in the Type 81, i think it requires some sort of lowering of recyll. Has anyone else any additional info over this rifle and pics, exspecially showing the internal parts?

[Red not Dead]

What i've seen about the Type 81, it seems that inside the weapon is very similar to standart Kalashnikovik. Tough the pics i've seen were taken bit too far so that more closer inspection would be possiple. But the general operation system remains the same. And if we are to belive the high praises that the gun have had, like improved accuracy, then the gun must be outstanding.
The accuracy default said to proplems the kalashnikoviks seems to me bit farfetched. I mean how sharp does assaultrifle distributed to general troops has to be? I can hit mans head size target from 150m with kalashnikovik and i think thats enough accuracy you need in combat enviroments. Ranges exiding that requires snipers anyways.

But if this "default" is improved in the Type 81, i think it requires some sort of lowering of recyll. Has anyone else any additional info over this rifle and pics, exspecially showing the internal parts?


But it fires from an open bolt doens't it...nad In fact the 81 has a VZ 58 structure with AKM internals.

[Gollevainen]

Well it seems so, but it would really help if we had those pics to compare....

[Red not Dead]

Well it seems so, but it would really help if we had those pics to compare....

type 81...http://www.sturmgewehr.com/bhinton/AK/Chinese_Type81_Brochure_A.jpg

http://www.marstar.ca/gf-VZ-58/images/VZ-58S-splash-600px.jpg

[sumdud]

On the 2nd picture:

Not's that a type 81, not with that barrel.
And the Receiver is bright.
More like the VZ-58.
Different magazine?
Type 81
http://world.guns.ru/assault/type81-b.jpg
Vz. 58
http://world.guns.ru/assault/vz58p.jpg

[darth sidious]

history and structure of 81 rifle
81式枪族是1979年下达的研制任务，于1981年设计定型，在1983年正式投入大量生产。其研制目标 是要用一个班用枪族取代正在装备的56式半自动步枪、56式冲锋枪和56式轻机枪，但仍采用56式7.62 mm枪弹。由于在1978年已经正式决定我国将来会采用5.8mm口径的小口径自动步枪，所以研制81式枪 族的目的是在装备小口径步枪之前提供一种过渡型武器。但通过实战证明，81式枪族是一种性能优良的武器，精 度好、动作可靠、操作维护简便，在老山前线的战斗中表现良好。

81式枪族包括班用轻机枪和自动步枪，自动步枪中采用固定木质枪托的称81式自动步枪，采用折叠金属枪托的 称81-1式自动步枪。各种枪的基本结构完全相同，自动机、复进机、击发机、导气系统、供弹具都能在族内各枪互换使 用，连同其他零部件通用率达到70％。
81-1式自动步枪 81式班用轻机枪

作为要求在短时间内完成设计的过渡枪型，81式枪族全部采用成熟技术和设计，采用短行程活塞式导气系统，其 它结构与56式冲锋枪类似。81式步枪全长为950mm，枪管长440mm，介于56式半自动步枪和56式 冲锋枪之间。

81式步枪是枪族的基础枪，其主要零部件都要与81式轻机枪互换通用，因此零件寿命必须按机枪的寿命要求（ 20,000发），但步枪的重量又不得太重。56式冲锋枪自改为冲铆机匣结构后寿命定为10,000发，而 且难以保证，往往在节套闭锁肩根部出现裂纹；因为81式步枪闭锁构件结构与56式冲锋枪基本相同，也是冲铆 机匣，要按20,000发寿命要求，节套闭锁肩部位必然是最薄弱环节。采取的弥补措施是：改变预转衬铁在节 套上的装配形式，保持闭锁部位的完整，不削弱闭锁肩根部强度，并加强了节套右闭锁面与其基体的横向、纵向联 接。

自动机的运动、开闭锁直接影响武器的射击精度，尤其对点射精度的影响更为明显。为提高81式枪族射击精度， 围绕自动机设汁采取了一些综合措施。加强对自动机运动的导引，机框导轨长度连同复进到位后的辅助导轨。全长 为110mm，相应的机头杆部与机框配合长度为70mm，使每一发枪弹的闭锁状态尽量一致。又靠拢了机匣导 轨、复进簧、活塞与枪管中心线之间的距离。复进簧、活塞与枪管中心距离为18.5mm（56冲为25mm） ，机匣导轨位于枪管中心上方6mm，与活塞、复进簧中心靠拢，使自动机运动平稳，运动件质心降低，减小动力 偶作用。减小运动中撞击，防止射击时全枪振动影响点射精度。枪机运动为较长行程130mm（56半为100 mm），保证自动机后退与复进适当能量，控制合理射击频率，前后到位撞击面尽量接近枪管中心并左右对称。但 由此导致扳机护圈与弹匣座之间距离过长，外形不够美观。


导气系统结构图


自动机能量过大会导致自动机撞击严重，影响射击精度和零件寿命；能量太小则达不到可靠性要求。因此81式采 用有调节功能的导气系统，在正常状态下用小气孔（Ø2.1）射击，射速在600～700 rpm，自动机后退到位速度不大于2.5m／s。即使后退不到位，在30mm以内也不影响机构动作。在严酷 的环境条件下射击，则用大气孔（Ø4.2），给予足够的能量克服风沙、严寒、污垢造成的过大阻力，保证自动 机可靠工作。在发射枪榴弹时，为使全部燃气能量作用于榴弹发射，需关闭气孔，自动机不能运动。56式冲锋枪 没有气孔调节装置，只有一级大气孔（Ø4.5），射击时自始至终猛烈撞击，虽然保证动作可靠，但影响了射击 精度和全枪寿命。

81式导气系统结构简单，装卸也很方便。活塞与调节塞先套在一起，再装入导气箍，卸下时也是一同向后取出。 调节塞的大、小气孔定位是靠上护盖衬管，起到弹簧片的作用而实现的，简单可靠、一件多用。调节塞变换时，利 用弹壳底部的底缘插入调节塞上的T形槽，搬动弹壳使调节塞T形槽对准0（闭气）、1（小气孔）、2（大气孔 ）。这种调节方法避免了需用专门工具调节的麻烦。在战场上，需要调气孔时，士兵可以随时进行。大量射弹后调 气孔也不会烫手。

81式导气系统的缺陷是对于导气箍、调节塞、活塞三者之间的配合间隙要求较严。间隙过小，则不灵活；间隙过 大则影响能量。自动机运动速度不够，即所谓对间隙敏感。所以，生产上要求严格控制配合间隙，使用中要正常擦 拭，清除残渣，保证灵活。

81式的击发机构仍为56冲的回转击锤，阻铁为挂钩形式，但比56冲的发射机更为简单。击锤、连发机、阻铁 分别用三根完全相同的轴插在机匣上，三根轴用一个卡片固定在机匣上不能窜出，卡片再由快慢机来固定，因此装 卸分解发射机非常方便，不需任何专用工具，在战地现场即可分解结合。快慢机变换柄在机匣左侧，握把上方，“ 0”为保险，“1”为单发，“2”为连发，变换时用握住握把的右手姆指即可变换，迅速方便。但必须严格按照 使用说明操作，不能扣着扳机关保险，否则再打开保险时就成了连发状态（但又有多少人会扣着扳机 关保险呢）。

瞄准系统为准星、表尺，照门是缺口。步枪瞄准基线长315mm，准星高40mm，表尺分划为1～5码。机枪 瞄准基线长490mm，表尺分划为1～7码，其中6、7码时需用表尺板护翼上的缺口瞄准。表尺码高由表尺轮 的多面轴变换定位。变换码高时，转动表尺轮或表尺限制轮来实现。左右手都可以装订表尺，表尺板两侧有表尺座 的支耳保护，防止碰、压、损伤表尺板。表尺缺口上面有一个护翼，其形状如右图所示：

多年来部队一直反映56冲和56半的表尺外露，背枪时在衣服上很容易把表尺脊磨白，产生虚光影响瞄准。问题 虽小，但一直没有解决。81式表尺增加了这个护翼，解决了这个问题，而且遮去了表尺脊反光，能更清晰的进行 瞄准。由表尺护翼与表尺脊之间形成的条形槽与准星护圈构成快速瞄准系统，在紧急情况下，只须把表尺板的护翼 槽对准准星护圈套上目标即可射击，既迅速又准确，深受战士欢迎。



表尺及表尺护翼

表尺多面轴还有压住上护盖的作用。当表尺轮转到0码时，即可分解结合上护盖。为防止在转换表尺码高时，表尺 轮误转到0码，上护盖自行分解，在表尺多面轴的另一端（左侧）有限制轮。当要分解上护盖时，须横向抽动表尺 轮或表尺限制轮，才能转到0码。

供弹具是钢板制成的弹匣或弹鼓，常规装备是步枪配备5个30发弹匣，机枪配备4个75发弹鼓，另有20发弹 匣供平时执勤。步枪、机枪供弹具完全互换通用。

75发快装弹鼓的结构是一个容弹的扁圆柱体，在圆周的一方安一个弹匣口部形状的出弹口。供弹时由装在弹鼓体 内的涡卷弹簧带动拨轮转动，使枪弹沿弹鼓体内的螺旋轨道转动，依次送至出弹口被枪机推出弹鼓上膛击发。由于 拨轮上的推弹器作用，弹鼓内的75发枪弹能够全部上膛射完。

81式弹鼓比起俄罗斯的RPK弹鼓，其优点是装弹、退弹可快速进行。压一下涡卷弹簧旋钮，解脱涡卷簧，打开 弹鼓盖，推弹器旋至最后位置，就可装弹。弹头朝下，向拨轮上的空位插放，不分先后次序，可以双手插放，也可 两人同时插放，十分迅速。盖好弹鼓盖，旋紧涡卷簧，装到枪亡就可射击。平时，为保护弹鼓簧，可不必旋紧。当 需要退出弹鼓内的枪弹时，只需解脱弹鼓簧，打开弹鼓盖，翻一下弹鼓就可把枪弹倒出来。因此81式快装弹鼓在 国外也很受欣赏，并出口到美国，被民间市场上用于各种AK步枪的供弹具。

81式有空仓挂机机构，当弹匣内枪弹打光时，枪机自行停在后边，便于射手及时更换弹匣并装填上膛。轻机枪上 设有同样的挂机机构，当使用弹匣射击时，能起空仓挂机作用；当用弹鼓射击时，不起挂机作用，但机枪持续火力 强，枪管升温高，因此81式轻机枪可利用战斗间隙时手动挂机，加速枪管冷却，以弥补不能快速更换枪管的缺陷 。射击时，需向后拉一下枪机，即可装填上膛继续射击。


81式自动步枪与56式冲锋枪弹匣的主要差异就在于81式弹匣多了一个空仓挂机让位槽


81式弹鼓的结构

81式的枪托、握把、上下护盖仍用楸木，这是由于当时我国掌握的工程塑料技术未能生产出合适的材料，所以仍 用木材。折叠式枪托是用钢板冲压成型，两侧装塑料护板，便于贴腮、握持，托内装附件盒。折叠枪托没有木托手 感好，但枪托可伸折，使枪短小，更为方便。所以大量装备的以折叠枪为主。81式折叠枪托伸开后，能自动补偿 间隙，消除松动，便于提高射击精度。枪托尺寸符合我军一股战士的体形，上刺刀刺杀时也能牢固的握持。但不足 之处是在枪托展开后，如果用力向右打击枪托就能自行折下，这个问题尚待调整结构尺寸予以解决。

81式膛口装置有降噪、消焰和制退防跳作用，还兼作枪榴弹发射器。所以其外观上就是一个外径22mm、长1 25mm、固定在枪管上的枪榴弹发射器。发射器的导环分布在全长上，有良好的导向和闭气作用。发射榴弹时须 关闭导气孔，使全部燃气能量都作用在枪榴弹上。枪榴弹自身带有表尺板。因为枪榴弹发射器的尺寸是国际通用的 ，所以使用范围比较广泛。由于要兼作榴弹发射器，受结构尺寸限制，前部内腔空间较小，不能完全起到消焰作用 ，所以81式步枪消除枪口焰要靠调整枪管上的导气孔中心与枪管中心之夹角来逐步实现的。这个夹角由90°、 60°、40°、30°直到26°，射击时枪口火焰由大到小，至26°时火焰完全消失。


枪管前部结构


这种枪口钳可利用一发实弹把铁丝冲断，但这种试验性的改装附件似乎未获采用。


上刺刀的81式自动步枪

56半和后期改进的56冲把三棱刺刀装在枪管上，不能折卸，只能伸折，而且只有单一刺杀功能，又增加了枪的 附加重量。81式在研制初期，对于刺刀是否从枪上拿下来还经过一番争论。主张发扬刺刀见红的勇敢精神的人反 对拿下来，另一些人则主张拿下来。因为现代战争中拼刺的机会很少，但不是没有，所以刺刀仍然需要，但要具有 多种功能。最后定下的结论是：刺刀就是杀伤，装到枪上是刺刀，卸下来当匕首就行了。所以81式的刺刀兼作匕 首使用，但不具备其他功能。

刺刀作一个独立部件，由刺刀、刀鞘、挂带组成。刀刃部分为剑形，长170mm，不开刃口。刺刀的两面有纵向 加强突筋，突筋两边呈凹形血槽，表面镀乳白铬。刀柄为褐色塑料柄。刺刀全长300mm，重量0.22kg。 刀鞘为军绿色塑料壳，重量0.072kg。该刀的钢度极好，虽说原设计不是多功能刺刀，但老山前线部队经常 把该刺刀用于挖、刨、攀登，撬开罐头等。

56式半自动步枪，虽然射击精度较好，但火力不足，只能单发射击，弹仓容弹10发，不能更换弹匣，只能打完 之后才可补充，火力不足的缺陷在79年自卫反击战中已经暴露出来。56式冲锋枪虽然火力猛、动作可靠，但单 、连发射击精度差。81式自动步枪设计要求是同时代替56式半自动步枪和56式冲锋枪，是一种步冲合一的步 枪，把猛烈火力和射击精度结合起来。据装备了81式枪族的部队反映，该枪射击精度好。老山作战部队也反映， 曾在一百多米的距离上，用两支81式自动步枪压制敌方碉堡的枪眼，使其无法开火。

根据最初4年生产中抽枪进行精度验收试验纪录，统计127支枪，每支枪在100m卧姿有依托单发射击三靶， 每靶20发，得出每支枪三靶平均R50。127支枪总平均R50＝3.942cm。56式半自动步枪，统计 10年的抽枪精度试验纪录，R50总平均＝4.7cm。而56式冲锋枪生产技术条件规定R50≤6cm，实 际上还难以达到。

至于81式步枪的点射精度，在以上试验统计中（每季度抽试点射精度），24支枪平均70％密集界20.2× 17.44（方向×高低cm）。

同样，在最初几年生产81式轻机枪抽枪精度试验统计中，32支枪单发总平均R50＝3.59cm，20支枪 点射总平均70％密集界16.67×15.84（方向×高低cm）。

81式枪族设计时，通过了严寒、酷暑、风沙、泅度江河、浸泡海水等严格条件的考验，经过部队装备作战的实践 ，证明是完全能满足可靠性要求的，故障极少。早期曾经出现过早发火、发射枪榴弹时机匣盖脱落、表尺自动跳码 等问题，但都经过改进得到解决，但防腐性能仍需改善。在大量生产中质量稳定，每次抽枪寿命试验 ，步枪在 15,000发射弹过程中达到了无任何故障、无零部件裂纹、无任何功能失效的状况。

81式枪族是针对我国军队实际需要而论证和研制的，当然参考了现装备武器的优点和不足，更多的注意了人机工 效。例如表尺照门、枪托尺寸和折叠方向、扳机握把、空仓挂机、分解结合等等，处处以简单方便、适合部队要求 为设计目标。全枪外型倾向于窈窕、滑顺，美观大方，便于握持操作。而且大部分零部件通用化了，在一条生产线 上可以生产各种枪，有明显的经济效益。

81式枪族在简化结构方面富有成效，例如自动机、发射机、机匣等都比56式冲锋枪简单。以机匣为例，同样是 冲铆机匣，81式机匣的刚度、强度、制造工艺要好得多。机匣体由厚度1.5mm 50钢板冲压而成，盒形断面，形状简单，两侧突出大筋增加了刚度，前部与节套铆接，中部有中衬铁支撑，后部 有尾座固定，机匣的刚度、强度得到保证，使用和生产中没有变形。机匣的导轨、创造性的只用一层，在机匣体冲 压时形成，取消了一般枪机匣上均具有的下导轨，方便了生产。


机匣横断面形状

81式枪族忽视了结构的先进性，新材料、新工艺也不多，光学瞄准具也未安上，连外观造型也没有独自的特点， 有时国外就称其为81式AK，甚至影响了外贸出口。产生这个问题的原因是有其历史背景的，因为在论证时已经 给81式枪族定了位，就是一种“过渡性武器”，不需要更多新工艺，新设备、新技术投入，只要求能够较快的试 制投产，要对原有产品有较好的工艺经济性和继承性。

经过近10年的生产考核，证明其工艺经济性更为符合我国实情，全枪结构简单，便于大量生产，在我国当时工艺 、技术、设备还很落后的条件下，能够满足大批量生产并保证稳定的质量要求。设计上固然未能采用更多的新材料 、新工艺、新技术。从长远来看是个严重不足，但现实经济性上也是个符合国情的优点。

for more info and pics go to http://www.gun-world.net/article/sort/autorifle/index.htm

[Kampfwagen]

history and structure of 81 rifle
81式枪族是1979年下达的研制任务，于1981年设计定型，在1983年正式投入大量生产。其研制目标 是要用一个班用枪族取代正在装备的56式半自动步枪、56式冲锋枪和56式轻机枪，但仍采用56式7.62 mm枪弹。由于在1978年已经正式决定我国将来会采用5.8mm口径的小口径自动步枪，所以研制81式枪 族的目的是在装备小口径步枪之前提供一种过渡型武器。但通过实战证明，81式枪族是一种性能优良的武器，精 度好、动作可靠、操作维护简便，在老山前线的战斗中表现良好。

81式枪族包括班用轻机枪和自动步枪，自动步枪中采用固定木质枪托的称81式自动步枪，采用折叠金属枪托的 称81-1式自动步枪。各种枪的基本结构完全相同，自动机、复进机、击发机、导气系统、供弹具都能在族内各枪互换使 用，连同其他零部件通用率达到70％。
81-1式自动步枪 81式班用轻机枪

作为要求在短时间内完成设计的过渡枪型，81式枪族全部采用成熟技术和设计，采用短行程活塞式导气系统，其 它结构与56式冲锋枪类似。81式步枪全长为950mm，枪管长440mm，介于56式半自动步枪和56式 冲锋枪之间。

81式步枪是枪族的基础枪，其主要零部件都要与81式轻机枪互换通用，因此零件寿命必须按机枪的寿命要求（ 20,000发），但步枪的重量又不得太重。56式冲锋枪自改为冲铆机匣结构后寿命定为10,000发，而 且难以保证，往往在节套闭锁肩根部出现裂纹；因为81式步枪闭锁构件结构与56式冲锋枪基本相同，也是冲铆 机匣，要按20,000发寿命要求，节套闭锁肩部位必然是最薄弱环节。采取的弥补措施是：改变预转衬铁在节 套上的装配形式，保持闭锁部位的完整，不削弱闭锁肩根部强度，并加强了节套右闭锁面与其基体的横向、纵向联 接。

自动机的运动、开闭锁直接影响武器的射击精度，尤其对点射精度的影响更为明显。为提高81式枪族射击精度， 围绕自动机设汁采取了一些综合措施。加强对自动机运动的导引，机框导轨长度连同复进到位后的辅助导轨。全长 为110mm，相应的机头杆部与机框配合长度为70mm，使每一发枪弹的闭锁状态尽量一致。又靠拢了机匣导 轨、复进簧、活塞与枪管中心线之间的距离。复进簧、活塞与枪管中心距离为18.5mm（56冲为25mm） ，机匣导轨位于枪管中心上方6mm，与活塞、复进簧中心靠拢，使自动机运动平稳，运动件质心降低，减小动力 偶作用。减小运动中撞击，防止射击时全枪振动影响点射精度。枪机运动为较长行程130mm（56半为100 mm），保证自动机后退与复进适当能量，控制合理射击频率，前后到位撞击面尽量接近枪管中心并左右对称。但 由此导致扳机护圈与弹匣座之间距离过长，外形不够美观。


导气系统结构图


自动机能量过大会导致自动机撞击严重，影响射击精度和零件寿命；能量太小则达不到可靠性要求。因此81式采 用有调节功能的导气系统，在正常状态下用小气孔（Ø2.1）射击，射速在600～700 rpm，自动机后退到位速度不大于2.5m／s。即使后退不到位，在30mm以内也不影响机构动作。在严酷 的环境条件下射击，则用大气孔（Ø4.2），给予足够的能量克服风沙、严寒、污垢造成的过大阻力，保证自动 机可靠工作。在发射枪榴弹时，为使全部燃气能量作用于榴弹发射，需关闭气孔，自动机不能运动。56式冲锋枪 没有气孔调节装置，只有一级大气孔（Ø4.5），射击时自始至终猛烈撞击，虽然保证动作可靠，但影响了射击 精度和全枪寿命。

81式导气系统结构简单，装卸也很方便。活塞与调节塞先套在一起，再装入导气箍，卸下时也是一同向后取出。 调节塞的大、小气孔定位是靠上护盖衬管，起到弹簧片的作用而实现的，简单可靠、一件多用。调节塞变换时，利 用弹壳底部的底缘插入调节塞上的T形槽，搬动弹壳使调节塞T形槽对准0（闭气）、1（小气孔）、2（大气孔 ）。这种调节方法避免了需用专门工具调节的麻烦。在战场上，需要调气孔时，士兵可以随时进行。大量射弹后调 气孔也不会烫手。

81式导气系统的缺陷是对于导气箍、调节塞、活塞三者之间的配合间隙要求较严。间隙过小，则不灵活；间隙过 大则影响能量。自动机运动速度不够，即所谓对间隙敏感。所以，生产上要求严格控制配合间隙，使用中要正常擦 拭，清除残渣，保证灵活。

81式的击发机构仍为56冲的回转击锤，阻铁为挂钩形式，但比56冲的发射机更为简单。击锤、连发机、阻铁 分别用三根完全相同的轴插在机匣上，三根轴用一个卡片固定在机匣上不能窜出，卡片再由快慢机来固定，因此装 卸分解发射机非常方便，不需任何专用工具，在战地现场即可分解结合。快慢机变换柄在机匣左侧，握把上方，“ 0”为保险，“1”为单发，“2”为连发，变换时用握住握把的右手姆指即可变换，迅速方便。但必须严格按照 使用说明操作，不能扣着扳机关保险，否则再打开保险时就成了连发状态（但又有多少人会扣着扳机 关保险呢）。

瞄准系统为准星、表尺，照门是缺口。步枪瞄准基线长315mm，准星高40mm，表尺分划为1～5码。机枪 瞄准基线长490mm，表尺分划为1～7码，其中6、7码时需用表尺板护翼上的缺口瞄准。表尺码高由表尺轮 的多面轴变换定位。变换码高时，转动表尺轮或表尺限制轮来实现。左右手都可以装订表尺，表尺板两侧有表尺座 的支耳保护，防止碰、压、损伤表尺板。表尺缺口上面有一个护翼，其形状如右图所示：

多年来部队一直反映56冲和56半的表尺外露，背枪时在衣服上很容易把表尺脊磨白，产生虚光影响瞄准。问题 虽小，但一直没有解决。81式表尺增加了这个护翼，解决了这个问题，而且遮去了表尺脊反光，能更清晰的进行 瞄准。由表尺护翼与表尺脊之间形成的条形槽与准星护圈构成快速瞄准系统，在紧急情况下，只须把表尺板的护翼 槽对准准星护圈套上目标即可射击，既迅速又准确，深受战士欢迎。



表尺及表尺护翼

表尺多面轴还有压住上护盖的作用。当表尺轮转到0码时，即可分解结合上护盖。为防止在转换表尺码高时，表尺 轮误转到0码，上护盖自行分解，在表尺多面轴的另一端（左侧）有限制轮。当要分解上护盖时，须横向抽动表尺 轮或表尺限制轮，才能转到0码。

供弹具是钢板制成的弹匣或弹鼓，常规装备是步枪配备5个30发弹匣，机枪配备4个75发弹鼓，另有20发弹 匣供平时执勤。步枪、机枪供弹具完全互换通用。

75发快装弹鼓的结构是一个容弹的扁圆柱体，在圆周的一方安一个弹匣口部形状的出弹口。供弹时由装在弹鼓体 内的涡卷弹簧带动拨轮转动，使枪弹沿弹鼓体内的螺旋轨道转动，依次送至出弹口被枪机推出弹鼓上膛击发。由于 拨轮上的推弹器作用，弹鼓内的75发枪弹能够全部上膛射完。

81式弹鼓比起俄罗斯的RPK弹鼓，其优点是装弹、退弹可快速进行。压一下涡卷弹簧旋钮，解脱涡卷簧，打开 弹鼓盖，推弹器旋至最后位置，就可装弹。弹头朝下，向拨轮上的空位插放，不分先后次序，可以双手插放，也可 两人同时插放，十分迅速。盖好弹鼓盖，旋紧涡卷簧，装到枪亡就可射击。平时，为保护弹鼓簧，可不必旋紧。当 需要退出弹鼓内的枪弹时，只需解脱弹鼓簧，打开弹鼓盖，翻一下弹鼓就可把枪弹倒出来。因此81式快装弹鼓在 国外也很受欣赏，并出口到美国，被民间市场上用于各种AK步枪的供弹具。

81式有空仓挂机机构，当弹匣内枪弹打光时，枪机自行停在后边，便于射手及时更换弹匣并装填上膛。轻机枪上 设有同样的挂机机构，当使用弹匣射击时，能起空仓挂机作用；当用弹鼓射击时，不起挂机作用，但机枪持续火力 强，枪管升温高，因此81式轻机枪可利用战斗间隙时手动挂机，加速枪管冷却，以弥补不能快速更换枪管的缺陷 。射击时，需向后拉一下枪机，即可装填上膛继续射击。


81式自动步枪与56式冲锋枪弹匣的主要差异就在于81式弹匣多了一个空仓挂机让位槽


81式弹鼓的结构

81式的枪托、握把、上下护盖仍用楸木，这是由于当时我国掌握的工程塑料技术未能生产出合适的材料，所以仍 用木材。折叠式枪托是用钢板冲压成型，两侧装塑料护板，便于贴腮、握持，托内装附件盒。折叠枪托没有木托手 感好，但枪托可伸折，使枪短小，更为方便。所以大量装备的以折叠枪为主。81式折叠枪托伸开后，能自动补偿 间隙，消除松动，便于提高射击精度。枪托尺寸符合我军一股战士的体形，上刺刀刺杀时也能牢固的握持。但不足 之处是在枪托展开后，如果用力向右打击枪托就能自行折下，这个问题尚待调整结构尺寸予以解决。

81式膛口装置有降噪、消焰和制退防跳作用，还兼作枪榴弹发射器。所以其外观上就是一个外径22mm、长1 25mm、固定在枪管上的枪榴弹发射器。发射器的导环分布在全长上，有良好的导向和闭气作用。发射榴弹时须 关闭导气孔，使全部燃气能量都作用在枪榴弹上。枪榴弹自身带有表尺板。因为枪榴弹发射器的尺寸是国际通用的 ，所以使用范围比较广泛。由于要兼作榴弹发射器，受结构尺寸限制，前部内腔空间较小，不能完全起到消焰作用 ，所以81式步枪消除枪口焰要靠调整枪管上的导气孔中心与枪管中心之夹角来逐步实现的。这个夹角由90°、 60°、40°、30°直到26°，射击时枪口火焰由大到小，至26°时火焰完全消失。


枪管前部结构


这种枪口钳可利用一发实弹把铁丝冲断，但这种试验性的改装附件似乎未获采用。


上刺刀的81式自动步枪

56半和后期改进的56冲把三棱刺刀装在枪管上，不能折卸，只能伸折，而且只有单一刺杀功能，又增加了枪的 附加重量。81式在研制初期，对于刺刀是否从枪上拿下来还经过一番争论。主张发扬刺刀见红的勇敢精神的人反 对拿下来，另一些人则主张拿下来。因为现代战争中拼刺的机会很少，但不是没有，所以刺刀仍然需要，但要具有 多种功能。最后定下的结论是：刺刀就是杀伤，装到枪上是刺刀，卸下来当匕首就行了。所以81式的刺刀兼作匕 首使用，但不具备其他功能。

刺刀作一个独立部件，由刺刀、刀鞘、挂带组成。刀刃部分为剑形，长170mm，不开刃口。刺刀的两面有纵向 加强突筋，突筋两边呈凹形血槽，表面镀乳白铬。刀柄为褐色塑料柄。刺刀全长300mm，重量0.22kg。 刀鞘为军绿色塑料壳，重量0.072kg。该刀的钢度极好，虽说原设计不是多功能刺刀，但老山前线部队经常 把该刺刀用于挖、刨、攀登，撬开罐头等。

56式半自动步枪，虽然射击精度较好，但火力不足，只能单发射击，弹仓容弹10发，不能更换弹匣，只能打完 之后才可补充，火力不足的缺陷在79年自卫反击战中已经暴露出来。56式冲锋枪虽然火力猛、动作可靠，但单 、连发射击精度差。81式自动步枪设计要求是同时代替56式半自动步枪和56式冲锋枪，是一种步冲合一的步 枪，把猛烈火力和射击精度结合起来。据装备了81式枪族的部队反映，该枪射击精度好。老山作战部队也反映， 曾在一百多米的距离上，用两支81式自动步枪压制敌方碉堡的枪眼，使其无法开火。

根据最初4年生产中抽枪进行精度验收试验纪录，统计127支枪，每支枪在100m卧姿有依托单发射击三靶， 每靶20发，得出每支枪三靶平均R50。127支枪总平均R50＝3.942cm。56式半自动步枪，统计 10年的抽枪精度试验纪录，R50总平均＝4.7cm。而56式冲锋枪生产技术条件规定R50≤6cm，实 际上还难以达到。

至于81式步枪的点射精度，在以上试验统计中（每季度抽试点射精度），24支枪平均70％密集界20.2× 17.44（方向×高低cm）。

同样，在最初几年生产81式轻机枪抽枪精度试验统计中，32支枪单发总平均R50＝3.59cm，20支枪 点射总平均70％密集界16.67×15.84（方向×高低cm）。

81式枪族设计时，通过了严寒、酷暑、风沙、泅度江河、浸泡海水等严格条件的考验，经过部队装备作战的实践 ，证明是完全能满足可靠性要求的，故障极少。早期曾经出现过早发火、发射枪榴弹时机匣盖脱落、表尺自动跳码 等问题，但都经过改进得到解决，但防腐性能仍需改善。在大量生产中质量稳定，每次抽枪寿命试验 ，步枪在 15,000发射弹过程中达到了无任何故障、无零部件裂纹、无任何功能失效的状况。

81式枪族是针对我国军队实际需要而论证和研制的，当然参考了现装备武器的优点和不足，更多的注意了人机工 效。例如表尺照门、枪托尺寸和折叠方向、扳机握把、空仓挂机、分解结合等等，处处以简单方便、适合部队要求 为设计目标。全枪外型倾向于窈窕、滑顺，美观大方，便于握持操作。而且大部分零部件通用化了，在一条生产线 上可以生产各种枪，有明显的经济效益。

81式枪族在简化结构方面富有成效，例如自动机、发射机、机匣等都比56式冲锋枪简单。以机匣为例，同样是 冲铆机匣，81式机匣的刚度、强度、制造工艺要好得多。机匣体由厚度1.5mm 50钢板冲压而成，盒形断面，形状简单，两侧突出大筋增加了刚度，前部与节套铆接，中部有中衬铁支撑，后部 有尾座固定，机匣的刚度、强度得到保证，使用和生产中没有变形。机匣的导轨、创造性的只用一层，在机匣体冲 压时形成，取消了一般枪机匣上均具有的下导轨，方便了生产。


机匣横断面形状

81式枪族忽视了结构的先进性，新材料、新工艺也不多，光学瞄准具也未安上，连外观造型也没有独自的特点， 有时国外就称其为81式AK，甚至影响了外贸出口。产生这个问题的原因是有其历史背景的，因为在论证时已经 给81式枪族定了位，就是一种“过渡性武器”，不需要更多新工艺，新设备、新技术投入，只要求能够较快的试 制投产，要对原有产品有较好的工艺经济性和继承性。

经过近10年的生产考核，证明其工艺经济性更为符合我国实情，全枪结构简单，便于大量生产，在我国当时工艺 、技术、设备还很落后的条件下，能够满足大批量生产并保证稳定的质量要求。设计上固然未能采用更多的新材料 、新工艺、新技术。从长远来看是个严重不足，但现实经济性上也是个符合国情的优点。

for more info and pics go to http://www.gun-world.net/article/sort/autorifle/index.htm


Um....that would be great...but uh...I cant really read that...Sorry...:(

[darth sidious]

there are many translation softwere i will try to dig one up for you

Basicly: fire form open bolt, stemped construction, different reciver ,enlonged barrel and a metal construction with a chrome plated barrel

AKM structure with VZ58 influence can be fitted with grenade launcher

[soaringsoul]

但T-56自動步槍仍在服役中？我是說中國有了t-95 和t-81, t-81 更己是主戰步槍, 但為什麽t-56 仍普遍在軍中？:confused:

[Obcession]

soaringsoul, I think all the T56's have been phased out by the 90's.

[Gollevainen]

soaringsoul, I think all the T56's have been phased out by the 90's.

Perhaps not distripuet to those units acsessing most media time, but the Type 56 (Kalashnikovic) defianetly remains the backbone for the vast volumes of chinese armed forces. Just imagine how many rifles China needs when it goes full mobilization?

[vincelee]

no, type 56 is gone. 81 is the standard issue. 56 might be found in some poor local militia, but that's as far as it'll go. However, Iraq just received a shipment of type56-IIs from China to arm their police/military.

[Gollevainen]

I wont buy it still, I mean most of the pics i've seen (tough those wont give you any spesific overall wiew) chinese troopers carry Type 56...it's usually quite rarety that they use type 81. What we need now is some sort of production numbers, if type 81 is lets say produced about 1 million examples, it's definetly NOT enough for main assault rifle in cathegory in country big as china....

[sumdud]

Does anyone know if China is still producing AKM/Type 56 rifles?
No, right?
Category A definitely does not have it though.

[vincelee]

Iraq just purchased a large number of Type 56 IIs. That was reported by AFP, of all news agencies.

[sumdud]

Yea, so? It doesn't have to be new rifles.
Are the ones bought by Iraq said to be new?

[Red not Dead]

Perhaps not distripuet to those units acsessing most media time, but the Type 56 (Kalashnikovic) defianetly remains the backbone for the vast volumes of chinese armed forces. Just imagine how many rifles China needs when it goes full mobilization?

But at the same time the Type 81 is a kalashnikovik too.

[Gollevainen]

yeah, but i meant the type 56 copy of THE Kalashnikovik:D :D

[Red not Dead]

yeah, but i meant the type 56 copy of THE Kalashnikovik:D :D

Roger that! Wilco.

[darth sidious]

I wont buy it still, I mean most of the pics i've seen (tough those wont give you any spesific overall wiew) chinese troopers carry Type 56...it's usually quite rarety that they use type 81. What we need now is some sort of production numbers, if type 81 is lets say produced about 1 million examples, it's definetly NOT enough for main assault rifle in cathegory in country big as china....

there isent THAT many 56 in china during the 60s/70s most of the 56 produced was sent off to vietnam that why in 79 each chinese company have only 2 56. afterward the 81 cane out and enter mass production right now most army have the 81 its also easier to produce all parts are stemped rather then milled. type 56 is only used for poor millita

[Kampfwagen]

Thanks for the clarifications.

Also. What does Kalashnikovik mean? I understand that Kalashnikov is the designer and also the K in AK and Kalashnikova is the Russian way to say it. Is Kalashnikovik a term used by those who describe rifles bassed on the Kalashnikov system? Or is it just another way to say Kalashnikov/Kalashnikova?


And Gollevainen, while I do agree with you, I imagine that the Type 56 is still held back for the reserves (the ones least likely to see combat anyway) and the aformentioned Poor Milita. The 81 is likely issued to the Front line troops whereas the elite get the Type 95. I imagine that is simply to be more cost efective.

[vincelee]

the type-56II's were new built, go ask NORINCO if you don't believe me.

[Kampfwagen]

I beleve you?

[darth sidious]

I am not sure the sucidial novelist part my firend:D

[sumdud]

OK then, Yue.......

Anyone know if the 400m range of the type 81 is the point range or the area range? sinodefence claims a range of 400 but I'd take it as for point targets. bdmilitary however claims for a range of 500m......

[swimmerXC]

What's this gun?
http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/2113/type81225069wh.jpg

[sumdud]

Type 03, basically a 95 refitted into classic layout. (Point? Why not type 87 in that case?)

The gun is incompletely disassembled.

[ahho]

Type 03, basically a 95 refitted into classic layout. (Point? Why not type 87 in that case?)

The gun is incompletely disassembled.

remember what this site has stated about the design of the type-87, they said that it was outdated and that is why they went with typ-95 but IMO type-87 really looked good

[sumdud]

I don't know, but I doubt the type 03 can do any better than a type 87.
The only thing I can think of as a disadvantage to the type 87 is probably its weight, and its muzzle. (The type 87 had a higher weight than the type 81 I think. But the type 81 and AK-47 are both very light guns from what I've read.) The 03's muzzle have some sort of flash hider or something along the line, but I don't know what is there on the 87/81's muzzle.

But the 81 is a good gun though. I would issue it to my troops if I had an army. :D

But does anyone have the full specs on range?

[Kampfwagen]

[QUOTE=sumdud] But the type 81 and AK-47 are both very light guns from what I've read.) QUOTE]

Actualy, the AK-47 is considered a heavy rifle as far as assault rifles go. It was certantly heavier than the debut M-16. Though today they have about the same weight (4 Kilos/8 Pounds). Smaller with a folding wire stock.

[bangladesh]

well Bangladesh army have sign an agreement and they will prduce it in Bangladesh

elite forces already operates it
we have a order of 1 hundred thousand in army alone


i dont know if you know this

[Kampfwagen]

I actualy heard that somewhere else. Very intresting, thanks for telling me anyway. :)

[bdmilitary]

Guys do you think the Type 81 rifle is a reliable weaponry? The Bangladesh military will mass produce them under license from NORINCO soon so I am waiting to see their quality.

[adeptitus]

Guys do you think the Type 81 rifle is a reliable weaponry? The Bangladesh military will mass produce them under license from NORINCO soon so I am waiting to see their quality.

Coming from the Kalashnikova family, I think it'd be rugged, reliable, and easy to clean/maintain. But this also means the Bangladesh army will stay with the 7.62mm cartridge.

I've never served in the military and has only had limited experience with firearms at civilian shooting ranges. So I'll leave the 5.56 vs. 5.8 vs. 7.62 arguement to other experts here. =p

[bdmilitary]

I like the 7.62x39. It does a good job, the 5.56 mm and other smaller ones are too small. NATO tactics is different from our tactics. The 5.56 mm was designed to disable the enemy and not to kill them according to one of my ex teachers (who was a member of the Australian Army).

The 7.62 mm will be continiously used in Bangladesh not only because of its reliability but because all our defence forces use 7.62 mm ammunition and also the factories primarily make 7.62 ammo.

[Kampfwagen]

As far as I know, the use of 5.56MM ammo came from U.S Military philosophy. The bullet was made because the 5.56MM was made to be more accurate than soviet 7.62MM ammo and, aparently because of their own fustrations with 7.62MM NATO.

[darth sidious]

As far as I know, the use of 5.56MM ammo came from U.S Military philosophy. The bullet was made because the 5.56MM was made to be more accurate than soviet 7.62MM ammo and, aparently because of their own fustrations with 7.62MM NATO.

the sovyet M43 round is based on the German 7.92kruz forom WWII used on the first assualt rifle

5.56 can sure kill but they dont punch through wood/iron as good as the 7.62 round

early 5.56 also has questionabl ball powder that causes jaming

[Kampfwagen]

If I remember correctly, the problematic ball powder came from the older 7.62MM cartridge.

[bdmilitary]

Will China be replacing its type 81 automatic rifles anytime soon?

[Red not Dead]

the sovyet M43 round is based on the German 7.92kruz forom WWII used on the first assualt rifle

5.56 can sure kill but they dont punch through wood/iron as good as the 7.62 round

early 5.56 also has questionabl ball powder that causes jaming

Hum first assault rifles used were in good order the Avtomat Fedorov and the lighter BabyBAR in the Russian civil war.

The AF used already an intermediate cartdrige the 6.5x48/50? mm Arisaka. And teh baby bar was a lighter shorter version of the BAR (5.3 kg empty). After that the AVS36 was another AR soviet design...then came the Kurz patrone (beggining 1942) on the MP42.

[darth sidious]

Hum first assault rifles used were in good order the Avtomat Fedorov and the lighter BabyBAR in the Russian civil war.

The AF used already an intermediate cartdrige the 6.5x48/50? mm Arisaka. And teh baby bar was a lighter shorter version of the BAR (5.3 kg empty). After that the AVS36 was another AR soviet design...then came the Kurz patrone (beggining 1942) on the MP42.

the 7.92 kurz can be used accuratly on full auto the arisaka cant

the arisaka is not like the small caliber today the round carrys almost as much powder as the 7.92 mauser

is also rimed and copper cased the end result is that it difficult to fire on full auto with out jaming jap machineguns of WWII has a small oiler right under the feed to oil the round so they dont jam

also the arisaka do not break up on inpact but shoots through the target in a stright path thas why they lack killing power

[Kampfwagen]

Will China be replacing its type 81 automatic rifles anytime soon?

The Type 95 is slowly replacing the Type 81. However, it will be many years before it completely phases out the 81, and it will still likely be in reserve units for an even longer ammount of time.

[Red not Dead]

the 7.92 kurz can be used accuratly on full auto the arisaka cant

the arisaka is not like the small caliber today the round carrys almost as much powder as the 7.92 mauser

is also rimed and copper cased the end result is that it difficult to fire on full auto with out jaming jap machineguns of WWII has a small oiler right under the feed to oil the round so they dont jam

also the arisaka do not break up on inpact but shoots through the target in a stright path thas why they lack killing power


Yup but the fedorov actually was built in some numbers and used as an AR during the russian civil war. Than again you got the BabyBar used by the US mob because of it's lightened weight and it still had a full power ammo.

[RedMercury]

Type 03, basically a 95 refitted into classic layout. (Point? Why not type 87 in that case?)


I recall reading from a Chinese magazine that Type 03 has some new features, specifically for reducing felt recoil. Like the Type-95, the design process concentrated a lot on fine-tuning the internals to increase burst accuracy and reduce felt recoil. The designers paid great attention to balance and the internal shifting of mass during the action. I would speculate that the Type-03 was also designed with these themes in mind, but in the traditional layout.

Type-56 in its later variants are still in production. These later variants only make minor changes. One author who test fired the 56C claimed it had lighter recoil, but who knows. The one being produced for domestic use is the 56C, a carbine version for non-combat troops, PLAN sailors, etc. And then there's that big order of Type-56II for the IDF.

I think the regular PLA only uses Type-81. PAP, reservists, and militia may use Type-56II, which could be a source of confusion. The two do look a lot alike, but you can tell by the muzzle. The Type-81's front sight is about a hand-span back from the muzzle, but of course you already know this :)

More on the Type-81, according to http://world.guns.ru, one key difference is the short-stroke gas piston versus the long-stroke of the AK-47/Type-56. I suppose open bolt would also be a huge differe :D. Also, it has a bolt hold-open device, which means it uses special mags. It is slightly longer barrel length than Type-56. That could be part of its claimed improved accuracy, but I suspect it is more because of felt recoil reduction from the different action. Again that long long Chinese article posted earlier would probably explain it. Once I get around to reading it I'll post something. :P:nana: